The study deals with legal aspects of subsidising cultural institutions from national funds. The analysis and evaluation focuses on, among others, regulations on subject-specific subsidies, ...special-purpose budget subsidies, and (finally) subsidies from state earmarked funds. It was emphasized in the summary that subsidies are the most important source of financing for cultural institutions (constituting the basic legal form of organizing cultural activities by public entities). In this context particular significance is paid to the subject-specific subsidy which is granted by the institution organizer. The article also shows the advantage of the system of subsidizing Polish culture – the wide variety of targeted subsidies which significantly increases possibilities of obtaining financial resources by cultural institutions.
Culture is one of the spheres in which human freedom is realized, and, at the same time, it is one of the main areas of public activity. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland recognizes (in ...Article 6) culture as the source of the identity of the Polish nation, its duration and development. In Poland, public cultural institutions definitely dominate among the entities operating in the field of culture. These are state and local government organizational units whose primary goal is to conduct cultural activity understood as the creation, dissemination and protection of culture. Cultural activity understood in this way, in accordance with the provisions adopted in Polish law, is not a commercial activity. This study deals with the issue of financing cultural institutions from non-returnable domestic funds. This subject has gained particular importance due to the deepening financial difficulties of cultural institutions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic underway since 2020. An important argument that justifies considering the above-mentioned topic is the lack of sufficient knowledge of practitioners about the methods (sources) of financing cultural institutions. An analysis of the legal regulations regarding the own revenues of cultural institutions, subsidies, sponsorship and finally, aid instruments related to COVID-19 was performed in individual parts of the study. In order to obtain a credible picture of the financial condition of the Polish culture sector, the amount of public funds allocated in our country for its development and protection in 2011–2021 was also examined. The analysis here shows that a characteristic feature of the financing system for Poland’s culture is a large diversification of the possibilities for cultural institutions to obtain non-returnable domestic funds, which can be considered both an advantage and a disadvantage of this system.
Culture and Institutions Alesina, Alberto; Giuliano, Paola
Journal of economic literature,
12/2015, Volume:
53, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A growing body of empirical work measunng different types of cultural traits has shown that culture matters for a variety of economic outcomes. This paper focuses on one specific aspect of the ...relevance of culture: its relationship to institutions. We review work with a theoretical, empirical, and historical bent to assess the presence of a two-way causal effect between culture and institutions.
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The rapid technical and technological progress in the second half of the twentieth century led to the increasing use of computers in the economy and society and to the dominance of digital technology ...over the use of mechanical and electronic analog devices. Therefore, copyright has faced the challenge of how to regulate the digitization of copyrighted works, which in today's conditions is necessary for the development of innovation, science and knowledge transfer. The problem is that the increased technological possibilities have facilitated the reproduction of copyrighted works and their availability to the public via the Internet, so that copyright infringements occur online on a daily basis, and the scale of such infringements is enormous. As copyright is the foundation of the creative industry, because it encourages innovation, creation, investment in the creative industry and production, it is necessary to change the existing normative framework and adapt to the changes brought by the rapid development of technology. Attempts to legally regulate digitalization within the European Union in cases where there is no consent of the copyright holder began at the beginning of this century and continue to this day, facing numerous challenges brought by the modern age of the Internet and globalization. The European Union has approached this process very committedly, passing a large number of acts, primarily directives, which seek to enable the harmonization of copyright and related rights in the information society. In order to facilitate the process of preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage, it is necessary to implement in our law on copyright and related rights the solutions from the European Directive 2012/28 and Directive 2019/790.
Significance Control of fire and the capacity for cooking led to major anatomical and residential changes for early humans, starting more than a million years ago. However, little is known about what ...transpired when the day was extended by firelight. Data from the Ju/’hoan hunter-gatherers of southern Africa show major differences between day and night talk. Day talk centered on practicalities and sanctioning gossip; firelit activities centered on conversations that evoked the imagination, helped people remember and understand others in their external networks, healed rifts of the day, and conveyed information about cultural institutions that generate regularity of behavior and corresponding trust. Appetites for firelit settings for intimate conversations and for evening stories remain with us today.
Much attention has been focused on control of fire in human evolution and the impact of cooking on anatomy, social, and residential arrangements. However, little is known about what transpired when firelight extended the day, creating effective time for social activities that did not conflict with productive time for subsistence activities. Comparison of 174 day and nighttime conversations among the Ju/’hoan (!Kung) Bushmen of southern Africa, supplemented by 68 translated texts, suggests that day talk centers on economic matters and gossip to regulate social relations. Night activities steer away from tensions of the day to singing, dancing, religious ceremonies, and enthralling stories, often about known people. Such stories describe the workings of entire institutions in a small-scale society with little formal teaching. Night talk plays an important role in evoking higher orders of theory of mind via the imagination, conveying attributes of people in broad networks (virtual communities), and transmitting the “big picture” of cultural institutions that generate regularity of behavior, cooperation, and trust at the regional level. Findings from the Ju/’hoan are compared with other hunter-gatherer societies and related to the widespread human use of firelight for intimate conversation and our appetite for evening stories. The question is raised as to what happens when economically unproductive firelit time is turned to productive time by artificial lighting.
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The purpose of the study is to start a thorough discussion of the issue of creating a regulatory and legal framework in Ukraine, which will determine the principles of a general nature regarding the ...digitization of fonds of cultural institutions, taking into account international standards and many years of global experience of digitizing fonds by archives, libraries and museums, in particular Ukrainian ones. The methodology of the article is based on the application of general scientific methods, in particular, systematic, conceptual analysis, comparative and retrospective, as well as empirical. The scientific novelty lies in the raised issues of creating a scientifically based legal framework in Ukraine regarding the digitization of the fonds of cultural institutions as an urgent need for the preservation of the fonds and the technological basis for the integration of individual fonds of use into a single electronic information resource. Conclusions. The omission regarding the lack of uniform general requirements for digital copies of fonds of cultural institutions, the identification of these copies and their purpose, which are regulated by the relevant normative legal acts of Ukraine, was formed as a result of the lack of projects brought to practical implementation on the creation of general integration electronic information resources in accordance with international standards and best practices, as well as the availability of relatively easy-to-use document digitization technologies. This led to the creation of many electronic information resources of local importance in Ukraine. In the absence of the specified legal framework, such information resources are, for the most part, technologically incompatible, which leads to the need to re-digitize fonds or convert large digital data arrays into other formats. Obviously, the processes of repeated digitization contribute to the deterioration of the preservation of fonds. Positive steps have been taken to create a unified regulatory and legal framework in the archival field - as a result of research work, a number of methodological recommendations have been developed and approved by regulatory documents. These documents can become the basis for the creation of a corresponding regulatory legal act of a general nature, which would apply to all legal entities of Ukraine, regardless of their form of ownership, which perform the task of digitizing the national historical and cultural heritage.
To understand how organizations combine conflicting institutional logics strategically to create and pursue new market opportunities, we conducted an indepth longitudinal study of the multiple ...efforts of the Italian manufacturer of household goods Alessi to combine the logics of industrial manufacturing and cultural production. Over three decades, Alessi developed three different strategies to combine normative elements of the two logics, using each strategy to envision and pursue different market opportunities. By combining the logics of industrial manufacturing and cultural production, Alessi was able to envision new possibilities for value creation and to enact them through innovation in product design. The three strategies triggered a common set of mechanisms through which the purposeful combining of logics enabled the pursuit of opportunity, while each strategy structured the process differently. We develop a theoretical model linking the development of recombinant strategies to the dynamic restructuring of organizational agency and the related capacity to create and pursue new market opportunities. Our findings and theoretical insights advance understanding of the processes through which organizations challenge taken-for-granted beliefs and practices to create new market opportunities, use logics as resources to enable embedded agency, and design hybrid organizational arrangements.
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