This essay argues that the Danish translation of Invisible Man (1952), Ralph Ellison’s prize-winning debut novel, offers a set of spatiotemporal coordinates with which the world location of postwar ...American literature can be mapped. By reconstructing how Invisible Man was received both in the United States and Denmark, I show that the evaluative criteria by which the novel was judged to be a valuable work of art breaks down the geographical delimitation of national literatures. To that effect, the construction of the author figure “Ralph Ellison” was contingent upon his fiction conforming to criteria of evaluation formalized by cultural institutions such as newspapers, universities, and literary prizes. These criteria were often derived from aesthetic principles associated with European modernism, and they come into full view in my reconstruction of Invisible Man’s publication and (Danish) translation history. I conclude that the residue of Invisible Man’s paratextual apparatus which has survived to this day, as well as the global connections this residue signifies, exposes the discursive construction of a nationally specific American literature as an ideological fiction, not a material fact.
The Author of the article assumes that museology, when taught as part of ethnological studies, holds a special and symbolic significance in the context of ethnographic museology – it is important and ...necessary. However, the text highlights several problems and dilemmas associated with teaching this subject. From the perspective of the selection of personnel for museums, radical changes within the discipline of ethnology itself in the last decades of the twentieth century have arguably been detrimental. The activities of ethnographic museums have faced criticism from anthropologically oriented researchers and theorists. To this day, collection programmes and exhibition narratives often do not correspond to the currents of contemporary anthropology. Another dilemma with staff training lies in the diverse nature of ethnographic museology, and the activities of museum professionals have become increasingly complex. Very broad qualification requirements used to be formulated for the people employed there. In the Author’s opinion, the training of museum staff at the Institute of Ethnology should be approached comprehensively. Competencies and knowledge relevant to museologists should be imparted across various subjects with different themes. It is also important for educators to recognise the potential value of their own classes (those without the museum in their names) for future museologists. It would be a good idea to organise regular meetings between museums and academia. Let us leverage membership in the Polish Ethnological Society, which encompasses various communities and has a museological section.
The Author briefly presents the history of the establishment and functioning of the Poznań ethnological centre from 1919 to the present day, indicating the place of museology in the curricula. Using ...the example of her own teaching activities, she shows how this content can be integrated into the teaching of various subjects (compulsory, optional, and projectbased courses). She describes the classes conducted and briefly presents selected projects implemented in cooperation with museums and with the participation of students. She also confronts three perspectives that are important for the preparation of future museum professionals. The first concerns the interests of students and their needs in terms of acquiring knowledge about museums, their activities, and ways of organisation. The second concerns the preparation of didactic proposals by the IAiE employees. The third is related to the needs of the professional market regarding the training of future museum employees. The article concludes with reflections on the ways and directions of training future museum staff, which should be done in consultation with the museum community to jointly plan the path of professional training in the field of museology.
This article explores the conceptual and practical challenges the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra encountered in conceiving of and realising its gender equality initiative History’s Unheard ...Orchestral Music (HUOM). The initiative was launched in 2021 with the explicit aim of mapping and promoting works by historical Finnish women composers. A single-case study was carried out that involved conducting in-depth interviews with key informants, surveying musicians and observing events during the first two years, the aim being to produce a rich case description. The core concern here is with the concrete measures taken by the orchestra to address the issue of gender inequality in its programming. As the results showed, the orchestra took swift action to set up the required infrastructure but proceeded with caution once it was in place, adopting a small-steps strategy aimed at systemic change over time. The way events unfolded corresponds well with the six-step scheme for processes of music revivals outlined by Hill and Bithell (2014). The findings indicate how external agents such as activists can influence a cultural institution’s de facto policies when operating in a vacuum left by official policy bodies that value artistic freedom over non-discrimination, and avoid tackling inequalities.
Introduction into the legal system of provisions enabling the transformation into state-owned
cultural institutions of one-person State Treasury companies operating with the use of cultural
goods was ...dictated by reasons of protection of the public interest. The Act of 15 January 2015
on the transformation of sole-share State-owned companies operating with the use of cultural
goods into state-owned cultural institutions introduced a legal solution resulting from the need
to secure property components in the form of national treasures owned by one-person State
Treasury companies operating in the field of culture . The legislator decided that the optimal
solution ensuring the protection of cultural goods and facilitating the activities of these entities
in the field of culture will be the process of transforming single-person State Treasury companies
operating with the use of cultural goods into state cultural institutions, which ensures
universal succession, that is, the inclusion of all rights and obligations. These goods include also
material heritage, that is, for example, real estate. However, the issue of ownership transformations
in the case of real estate is often associated with the historical nature of the ownership
change process of a given property, which in turn leads to the need for a separate individual
analysis in each situation. In the article, I attempt to present this complex topic.
The commentary asks the fundamental question: May sport or tourism activities be carried out within municipal culture centers? The answer to the question thus posed (after an analysis of not only the ...grounds of the judgement covered by the commentary and the views of the doctrine, but also of other court verdicts) is negative. Local government units do not have full freedom in defining the scope of tasks assigned to their own organizational entities. A change of the way of performing tasks requires consideration of many regulations that define the limits of the self-government’s organizational authority. Thus, a local government’s cultural institutions may not perform tasks related to sports or recreation. The above thesis was presented in the commentary to the verdict of the administrative court in Olsztyn dated 20 August 2020 (file no. II SA/Ol 426/20) One must keep in mind that cultural activity is a mandatory task performed by units of local government (Article 9(2)). Article 13 of the Act on organization and conduct of cultural activity provides that cultural institutions operate on the basis of their establishing acts and the statutes issued by their organizers. In conclusion, I expressed the view that joint performance of the aforementioned tasks (related to culture, sports, and tourism) within one entity is inadmissible, because financing of cultural institutions, as separate entities, is carried out according different principles than financing of tasks related to sports.
This paper addresses recent calls to narrow the micro-macro gap in management research (Bamberger, 2008), by incorporating a macro-level context variable (country) in exploring micro-level ...determinants of board effectiveness. Following the integrated model proposed by Forbes and Milliken (1999), we identify three board processes as micro-level determinants of board effectiveness. Specifically, we focus on effort norms, cognitive conflicts and the use of knowledge and skills as determinants of board control and advisory task performance. Further, we consider how two different institutional settings influence board tasks, and how the context moderates the relationship between processes and tasks. Our hypotheses are tested on a survey-based dataset of 535 medium-sized and large industrial firms in Italy and Norway, which are considered to substantially differ along legal and cultural dimensions. The findings show that: (i) Board processes have a larger potential than demographic variables to explain board task performance; (ii) board task performance differs significantly between boards operating in different contexts; and (iii) national context moderates the relationships between board processes and board task performance.
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This paper focuses on ISIS's recent destruction of archaeological heritage in Iraq and its (self-) representation in the global media. It is argued that the Islamic State's destruction of ...archaeological sites and museums as well as historical monuments and local shrines can be seen as a form of place-based violence that aims to annihilate the local sense of belonging, and the collective sense of memory among local communities, to whom the heritage belongs. It is also suggested that the Islamic State coordinates and choreographs these destructions as mediatic spectacles of violence aimed at objects and sites of heritage, which take place as re-enactments or historical performances that are communicated to us through ISIS's own image-making apparatus that utilizes advanced technologies of visualization and communication.
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While both cultural and legal norms (institutions) help foster cooperation, culture is the more primitive of the two and itself sustains formal institutions. Cultural changes are rarer and slower ...than changes in legal institutions, which makes it difficult to identify the role played by culture. Cultural changes and their effects are easier to identify in simpler, more controlled, environments, such as corporations. Corporate culture, thus, is not only interesting per se, but also as a laboratory to study the role of societal culture and the way it can be changed.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
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