Taifa Brennan, James R
2012, 2012-05-29, 20120101
eBook
Taifa is a story of African intellectual agency, but it is also an account of how nation and race emerged out of the legal, social, and economic histories in one major city, Dar es Salaam. Nation and ...race—both translatable as taifa in Swahili—were not simply universal ideas brought to Africa by European colonizers, as previous studies assume. They were instead categories crafted by local African thinkers to make sense of deep inequalities, particularly those between local Africans and Indian immigrants. Taifa shows how nation and race became the key political categories to guide colonial and postcolonial life in this African city. Using deeply researched archival and oral evidence, Taifa transforms our understanding of urban history and shows how concerns about access to credit and housing became intertwined with changing conceptions of nation and nationhood. Taifa gives equal attention to both Indians and Africans; in doing so, it demonstrates the significance of political and economic connections between coastal East Africa and India during the era of British colonialism, and illustrates how the project of racial nationalism largely severed these connections by the 1970s.
The vibrant Swahili coast port city of Dar es Salaam-literally, the "Haven of Peace"-hosts a population reflecting a legacy of long relations with the Arabian Peninsula and a diaspora emanating in ...waves from the Indian subcontinent. By the 1960s, after decades of European imperial intrusions, Tanzanian nationalist forces had peacefully dismantled the last British colonial structures of racial segregation and put in place an official philosophy of nonracial nationalism. Yet today, more than five decades after independence, race is still a prominent and publicly contested subject in Dar es Salaam. What makes this issue so dizzyingly elusive-for government bureaucrats and ordinary people alike-is East Africa's location on the Indian Ocean, a historic crossroads of diverse peoples possessing varied ideas about how to reconcile human difference, social belonging, and place of origin.
Based on a range of archival, oral, and newspaper sources from Tanzania and India, this book explores the history of cross-cultural encounters that shaped regional ideas of diaspora and nationhood from the earliest days of colonial Tanganyika-when Indian settlement began to expand dramatically-to present-day Tanzania, a nation always under construction. The book focuses primarily on two prominent city spaces, schools and cinemas: the one a site of education, the other a site of leisure; one typically a programmatic entity of government, the other usually a bastion of commercial enterprise. Nonetheless, the forces shaping schools and cinemas as they developed into busy centers of urban social interaction were surprisingly similar: the state, community organizations, nationalist movements, economic change, and the transnational winds of Indian Ocean culture and capital. Whether in the form of institutional apparatuses like networks of Indian teacher importation and curricula adoption, or through the market predominance of the Indian film industry, schools and cinemas in East Africa historically were influenced by actions and ideas from around the Indian Ocean.
Diaspora and Nation in the Indian Ocean argues that an Indian Ocean-wide perspective enables an examination of the transnational production of ideas about race against a backdrop of changing relationships and claims of belonging as new notions of nationhood and diaspora emerged. It bridges an academic divide, because historians often either focus on the Indian diaspora in isolation or write it out of the story of African nation building. Further, in contrast to the swell of publications on global Indian or South Asian diasporas that highlight longings for and contacts with the "homeland," the book also demonstrates that much of the creative production of diasporic Indian identities formed in East Africa was a result of local (albeit cosmopolitan) encounters across cities like Dar es Salaam.
Purpose
This study was to design and synthesize a novel bifunctional chelator, named Dar, primarily validated by conjugating to tumor targeting motifs, labeled with radiometals, and performed ...preclinical evaluation of tumor imaging and cancer therapy in murine tumor models.
Method
The designed Dar was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography,
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H/
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C NMR, and mass spectrometry. Dar-PSMA-617 was conjugated and radiolabeled with
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Ga,
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Lu, and
89
Zr. The in vivo behavior of
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Ga/
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Zr-labeled Dar-PSMA-617 were evaluated using micro-PET imaging and biodistribution from image quantitation and tissue radioactivity counting, with
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Ga/
89
Zr-labeled NOTA/DOTA/DFO-PSMA-617 analogs as controls, respectively. The
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Lu-Dar-PSMA-617, with
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Lu-DOTA-PSMA-617 as control, was evaluated in competitive cell uptake, tumor cell internalization, and efflux studies. The treatment efficacy of
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LuLu-Dar-PSMA-617, with
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LuLu-DOTA-PSMA-617 as control, was evaluated in PSMA-positive LNCaP tumor-bearing mice. In addition, the ability of Dar for radiolabeling nanobody was tested by conjugating Dar to KN035 nanobody. The resultant
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ZrZr-Dar-KN035 nanobody, with
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ZrZr-DFO-KN035 as control, was evaluated by micro-PET imaging and biodistribution in a mouse model bearing MC38&MC38-hPD-L1 colon cancer.
Results
68
Ga,
89
Zr, and
177
Lu-radiolabeled Dar-PSMA-617 complexes were able to be produced under mild condition with high radiochemical yield and purity successfully.
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LuLu-Dar-PSMA-617 had higher cellular uptake yet similar internalization and efflux properties in LNCaP cells, as compared to
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LuLu-DOTA-PSMA-617. Micro-PET images demonstrated significantly higher tumor uptake of
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GaGa-Dar-PSMA-617, than that of the analog
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GaGa-DOTA-PSMA-617. The tumor uptake values of
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GaGa-Dar-PSMA-617 at multiple time points are comparable to that of
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GaGa-NOTA-PSMA-617, although a higher and persistently prolonged kidney retention was resulted in during the study period. The Dar chelator can also successfully mediate the radiolabeling with
89
Zr, while the resultant
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ZrZr-Dar-PSMA-617 demonstrated a similar biodistribution with
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ZrZr-DFO-PSMA-617 measured at 96 h p.i. The treatment with
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LuLu-Dar-PSMA-617 significantly inhibited the tumor growth, showing much better efficacy than that of
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LuLu-DOTA-PSMA-617 at the same injected radioactivity and mass dose. Dar was covalently linked to KN035 nanobody and enabled radiolabeling with
89
Zr in high yield and radiochemical purity at room temperature. The resultant
89
ZrZr-Dar-KN035, with
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ZrZr-DFO-KN035 as control, demonstrated superior tumor uptake and detection capability in PET imaging studies.
Conclusion
The Dar, as a novel bifunctional chelator for medicating the labeling of radiometals onto tumor targeting carriers, was successfully synthesized and chemically characterized. Test radiolabeling, on PSMA-617 and a nanobody as tool targeting molecule carriers, demonstrated the Dar has potential as a universal bifunctional chelator for radiolabeling various radiometals (at least
68
Ga,
177
Lu, and
89
Zr tested) commonly used for clinical imaging and therapy. Using a novel Dar chelator results in altered in vivo behavior of the carriers even though labeled with the same nuclide. This capability makes Dar an alternative to the existing choices for radiolabeling new carrier molecules with various radiometals, especially the radiometals with large radius.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
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Fixing the African State explains why the predominant approach to international development produces outcomes that are incompatible with its underlying assumptions and intended objectives. ...Drawing on extensive ethnographic research undertaken in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania over the past decade, Brian J. Dill examines the relationship between community participation in the development process and the exercise of state power. Although the primary objective of community-based and -driven development is to shift the balance of power from the state to the benefit of non-state actors, Fixing the African State shows that, in fact, what is strengthened is both the image of a coherent, efficacious, and autonomous state, and the capacity of the state apparatus to exercise authority.
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1. "Developing" Dar es Salaam 2. Life on the Ground 3. Recognizing Community 4. Rendering Political 5. Fixing the State
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A study of why community-based/community-driven development produces outcomes that are incompatible with its underlying assumptions and intended objectives, using neoliberal development in Dar es Salaam as a defining example.
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Brian Dill is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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'Community-based development' (CBD) or'community-driven development' (CDD) has been the predominant approach to international development in recent years. Drawing on fieldwork and first-hand experience, this book explains why CBD/CDD produces outcomes that are incompatible with its underlying assumptions and intended objectives.
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1) PROVOCATIVE THESIS: Brian Dill argues that the neoliberal assault on the state has in fact helped to reinforce the state's image of coherence.
2) THOROUGHLY RESEARCHED: The book draws extensively on both historical and current literature, as well as eye-opening fieldwork conducted in Dar es Salaam.
3) VALUABLE CASE STUDY: Through his analysis of Dar es Salaam, Dill is able to construct a model applicable to neoliberal development across Africa.
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According to many Islamic jurists, the world is divided between dar al-Islam (the abode of Islam) and dar al-harb (the abode of war). This dual division of the world has led to a great amount of ...juridical discussion concerning what makes a territory part of dar al-Islam, what the status of Muslims living outside of this is, and whether they are obliged to obey Islamic jurisprudence. Susanne Olsson examines the differing understandings of dar al-Islam and dar al-harb, as well as related concepts, such as jihad and takfir. She thereby is able to explore how these concepts have been utilised, transformed and negotiated throughout history. As the subject of Muslims living in Europe is such a topical and sometimes controversial one, this book will appeal to researchers of modern Islam as integral to the Western experience.
Tracing Dar es Salaam's rise and fall as an epicentre of Third World revolution, George Roberts explores the connections between the global Cold War, African liberation struggles, and Tanzania's ...efforts to build a socialist state. Roberts introduces a vibrant cast of politicians, guerrilla leaders, diplomats, journalists, and intellectuals whose trajectories collided in the city. In its cosmopolitan and rumour-filled hotel bars, embassy receptions, and newspaper offices, they grappled with challenges of remaking a world after empire. Yet Dar es Salaam's role on the frontline of the African revolution and its provocative stance towards global geopolitics came at considerable cost. Roberts explains how Tanzania's strident anti-imperialism ultimately drove an authoritarian turn in its socialist project and tighter control over the city's public sphere. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Partial shading in a solar PV plant is an important concern as it reduces the output power. Dynamic array reconfiguration (DAR) helps in reducing the impact of partial shading. But, it has its own ...limitations. Further, DAR does not guarantee single peak in array power-voltage characteristics during partial shading. It requires sophisticated and costly MPPT controller to track the global peak in order to extract maximum power from the PV array. In this paper, an improved DAR strategy is proposed using current injection (CI). This CI-based DAR strategy enhances the array power output beyond what is achievable by the available DAR techniques. Using this technique, multiple peaks in the power-voltage characteristics of the PV array are also avoided. The proposed method is evaluated for different levels of shading and its patterns. Experimental results establish the superiority of the CI-based DAR method over the available PV array reconfiguration strategies.
Mirar al Otro, estar cara a cara, asumirlo en el horizonte de vida, relacionarnos con él. Debe pasar de una ética individual a una ética social, para así asumirlo, reconocerlo y tenerlo en cuenta en ...el momento de disentir, de diferenciarnos, de solidarizarnos, de acogernos, de enseñar, entre otros, sin olvidarnos o marginarnos frente a él. El presente escrito centra su atención en torno a la postura de Lévinas respecto a lo dicho.
Discontinuation of implants is the removal or switch to other methods before duration completion. Despite the improvement in the utilization of implants, discontinuation is high. There are limited ...studies conducted on implant discontinuation and factors in Bahir Dar City. This research aimed to evaluate the proportion and explanatory variables of discontinuation of implants among users in health facilities in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.
A health facility-based cross-sectional design was conducted on 415 respondents from April 1 to May 30, 2021. Data were collected through face-to-face interview questionnaires using a systematic random sampling method. Epi Data version 3.1 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for data entry and formal analysis, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered a statistically significant factor for discontinuation.
The overall proportion of discontinuation of implants was 55.3 % (95 % CI: 61.42–69.13). In bivariate logistic regression analysis, sociocultural factors like maternal religion and occupation, were factors for discontinuation of implants. After adjusting other variables in multivariate regression analysis, no formal education (AOR = 0.49; 95 % CI: 0.30–0.82), primary education (AOR = 0.39; 95 % CI: 0.18–0.81), wish to become pregnant (AOR = 2.57; 95 % CI: 1.64 to 4.02), no history of contraceptive use (AOR = 2.01; 95 % CI: 1.19 to 3.38), no counselling on benefits (AOR = 1.68; 95 % CI: 1.08–2.62), and side effects (AOR = 1.95; 95 % CI: 1.21–3.16) were the factors associated with discontinuation.
The overall discontinuation of implants was low compared to the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey. Education, desire for pregnancy, no history of contraceptives, lack of counselling on benefits, and side effects were factors for discontinuation.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The groundwater potential and aquifer protective capacity in the Kasmo Area of Osogbo were investigated using the Dar Zaroouk approach via the Schlumberger technique of electrical resistivity method. ...Five vertical electrical soundings (VES) points were occupied and surveyed using the ABEM SAS 1000 terrameter. The field data were first interpreted using the partial curve matching and later iterated using the WinResist software. The resistivities and thicknesses of the geoelectric layers were used to compute the longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance. These were later used to compute the hydraulic conductivity and transmittivity of the aquifers. Three to five geo-electric layers aquifer layers show a confined to semi-confined configuration with the aquiferous layer occupying the second, third and fourth layers. The resistivities vary from 66.5 Ωm in VES 4 to 141.9 Ωm in VES 3. The longitudinal conductance also varies between 0.0366 Ω-1 in VES 3 to 0.0074 Ω-1 in VES 1 while the transverse resistance varies between 34.8 Ωm2 in VES 3 to 1043.8 Ωm2 in VES 5. The transmittivity values were observed to range from 20736.10 m2/day in VES 3 to 287787.81 m2/day in VES 4, the aquifers possess high groundwater potential with transmittivity values far above the Offodile classification of aquifer potential limit of 500 m2/day. The investigation concluded that aquifer potential determination through the estimation of Dar Zarook parameters gives a better aquifer potential determination than the conventional resistivity method, as the method compares the potential of all points at once. Keywords: Aquifer, Kasmo, Longitudinal, Resistance, Resistivity, Transverse
