Currently, ontologies have become the main means of formalizing and systematizing knowledge and data in scientific subject domains (SSDs). In this regard, there is an urgent need for the methods and ...software tools allowing to involve specialists from different scientific subject domains in the process of ontology building. A possible way to solve this problem is to use ontology design patterns (ODPs). The paper presents an approach to the development of a system supporting the automated construction of the SSD ontologies based on ontology design patterns, which are the formal descriptions of field-proven solutions to typical ontological modeling problems. The main components of this system are repositories of heterogeneous ODPs and basic ontologies, including concepts common to most SSDs, and editors of patterns and ontologies used to build and populate ontologies.
Wikibase – which is the software underlying Wikidata – is a powerful platform for knowledge graph creation and management. However, it has been developed with a crowd-sourced knowledge graph creation ...scenario in mind, which in particular means that it has not been designed for use case scenarios in which a tightly controlled high-quality schema, in the form of an ontology, is to be imposed, and indeed, independently developed ontologies do not necessarily map seamlessly to the Wikibase approach. In this paper, we provide the key ingredients needed in order to combine traditional ontology modeling with use of the Wikibase platform, namely a set of axiom patterns that bridge the paradigm gap, together with usage instructions and a worked example for historical data.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•We optimize search order so that the most representative classes are detected first.•We ignore a large number of irrelevant classes to greatly reduce the search space.•100% recall is achieved if ...correct ordered sequences of design patterns are given.•It runs significantly faster on large-scale software than the compared approach.•We give all necessary info on all GoF structural patterns for readers to follow it.
In software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. Design patterns reveal much about the high-level abstract designs of software systems. Accurately discovering design pattern instances in software systems helps developers and maintainers to understand the original design and implementation, and to facilitate the re-development, upgrade and maintenance. In recent years, numerous approaches have been proposed to discover design pattern instances from system source code. Among them, many transform the source code and design patterns into graphs, and then discover the isomorphic sub-graphs of design patterns from the graph of software system. However, as testing sub-graph isomorphism is an NP-complete problem, those approaches usually fail to achieve satisfactory efficiency. On the other hand, a real time response of detecting pattern instance is in fact essential. To address this problem, we propose a novel efficient approach to detect structural design pattern instances based on directed sub-graph isomorphism. In particular, we put forward a well-designed search order, or Ordered Sequences, by which the candidate pattern instances can be rapidly detected. Because the Ordered Sequences guide the search process in such an order that the most representative classes are discovered first, a large number of irrelevant classes can be filtered out at early stage, which greatly reduces the search space. We employ our approach on four well-known open-source systems. The results of extensive experiments for discovering instances of all GoF structural design patterns verify that our approach obtains 100% recall and the high precision. In addition, the experiment conducted on two other large scale open-source projects indicates that our approach runs significantly faster than the compared approach.
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Multiple-view visualization (MV) is a layout design technique often employed to help users see a large number of data attributes and values in a single cohesive representation. Because of its ...generalizability, the MV design has been widely adopted by the visualization community to help users examine and interact with large, complex, and high-dimensional data. However, although ubiquitous, there has been little work to categorize and analyze MVs in order to better understand its design space. As a result, there has been little to no guideline in how to use the MV design effectively. In this paper, we present an in-depth study of how MVs are designed in practice. We focus on two fundamental measures of multiple-view patterns: composition, which quantifies what view types and how many are there; and configuration, which characterizes spatial arrangement of view layouts in the display space. We build a new dataset containing 360 images of MVs collected from IEEE VIS, EuroVis, and PacificVis publications 2011 to 2019, and make fine-grained annotations of view types and layouts for these visualization images. From this data we conduct composition and configuration analyses using quantitative metrics of term frequency and layout topology. We identify common practices around MVs, including relationship of view types, popular view layouts, and correlation between view types and layouts. We combine the findings into a MV recommendation system, providing interactive tools to explore the design space, and support example-based design.
In order to facilitate discussion on construction logistic solutions in both homogenous and heterogeneous groups, the MIMIC CLS game has been developed, that allows players to negotiate transport ...routes and common logistics solutions surrounding an abstract construction area. Through game mechanics specially chosen to create appropriate friction between the players, discussion on the topics of the game is stimulated. The design process included significant amounts of testing and provided two key insights: the manner in which specific game design patterns influenced the game's purpose, and the difficulties involved in creating, playing and presenting games for a target group with little or no experience of games. It was also evident that a designated game facilitator made it possible to further reinforce the impact of the game, and likely necessary to be able to use it in an appropriate timeframe. Future venues of work include the integration of the game and subsequent discussions into an overall workshop format.
With the plain text descriptions of design patterns, developers could better learn and understand the definitions and usage scenarios of design patterns. To facilitate the automatic usage of these ...descriptions, e.g., recommending design patterns by free-text queries, design patterns and natural languages should be adequately associated. Existing studies usually use texts in design pattern books as the representations of design patterns to calculate similarities with the queries. However, this way is problematic. Lots of information of design patterns may be absent from design pattern books and many words would be out of vocabulary due to the content limitation of these books. To overcome these issues, a more comprehensive method should be constructed to estimate the relatedness between design patterns and natural language words. Motivated by Word2Vec, in this study, we propose DPWord2Vec that embeds design patterns and natural language words into vectors simultaneously. We first build a corpus containing more than 400 thousand documents extracted from design pattern books, Wikipedia, and Stack Overflow. Next, we redefine the concept of context window to associate design patterns with words. Then, the design pattern and word vector representations are learnt by leveraging an advanced word embedding method. The learnt design pattern and word vectors can be universally used in textual description based design pattern tasks. An evaluation shows that DPWord2Vec outperforms the baseline algorithms by 24.2-120.9 percent in measuring the similarities between design patterns and words in terms of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Moreover, we adopt DPWord2Vec on two typical design pattern tasks. In the design pattern tag recommendation task, the DPWord2Vec-based method outperforms two state-of-the-art algorithms by 6.6 and 32.7 percent respectively when considering <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">Recall@10</tex-math> <mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mi>l</mml:mi><mml:mo>@</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="jiang-ieq1-3017336.gif"/> </inline-formula>. In the design pattern selection task, DPWord2Vec improves the existing methods by 6.5-70.7 percent in terms of MRR.
Acoustophoresis is promising as a rapid, biocompatible, noncontact cell manipulation method, where cells are arranged along the nodes or antinodes of the acoustic field. Typically, the acoustic field ...is formed in a resonator, which results in highly symmetric regular patterns. However, arbitrary, nonsymmetrically shaped cell assemblies are necessary to obtain the irregular cellular arrangements found in biological tissues. It is shown that arbitrarily shaped cell patterns can be obtained from the complex acoustic field distribution defined by an acoustic hologram. Attenuation of the sound field induces localized acoustic streaming and the resultant convection flow gently delivers the suspended cells to the image plane where they form the designed pattern. It is shown that the process can be implemented in a biocompatible collagen solution, which can then undergo gelation to immobilize the cell pattern inside the viscoelastic matrix. The patterned cells exhibit F‐actin‐based protrusions, which indicate that the cells grow and thrive within the matrix. Cell viability assays and brightfield imaging after one week confirm cell survival and that the patterns persist. Acoustophoretic cell manipulation by holographic fields thus holds promise for noncontact, long‐range, long‐term cellular pattern formation, with a wide variety of potential applications in tissue engineering and mechanobiology.
Acoustic holographic cell manipulation enables complex‐shape cellular pattern formation in a biocompatible hydrogel. Hydrogel encapsulation enables the custom‐designed cell assemblies to be transferred and incubated with good cell viability. This technology holds promise for noncontact, long‐range, long‐term cellular pattern formation, with a wide variety of potential applications in tissue engineering and mechanobiology.
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High-quality visualization collections are beneficial for a variety of applications including visualization reference and data-driven visualization design. The visualization community has created ...many visualization collections, and developed interactive exploration systems for the collections. However, the systems are mainly based on extrinsic attributes like authors and publication years, whilst neglect intrinsic property ( i.e ., visual appearance) of visualizations, hindering visual comparison and query of visualization designs. This paper presents VISAtlas , an image-based approach empowered by neural image embedding, to facilitate exploration and query for visualization collections. To improve embedding accuracy, we create a comprehensive collection of synthetic and real-world visualizations, and use it to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) model with a triplet loss for taxonomical classification of visualizations. Next, we design a coordinated multiple view (CMV) system that enables multi-perspective exploration and design retrieval based on visualization embeddings. Specifically, we design a novel embedding overview that leverages contextual layout framework to preserve the context of the embedding vectors with the associated visualization taxonomies, and density plot and sampling techniques to address the overdrawing problem. We demonstrate in three case studies and one user study the effectiveness of VISAtlas in supporting comparative analysis of visualization collections, exploration of composite visualizations, and image-based retrieval of visualization designs. The studies reveal that real-world visualization collections ( e.g ., Beagle and VIS30K) better accord with the richness and diversity of visualization designs than synthetic collections ( e.g ., Data2Vis), inspiring composite visualizations are identified in real-world collections, and distinct design patterns exist in visualizations from different sources.
We present the first example of an all-printed, inexpensive, highly stretchable CNT-based electrochemical sensor and biofuel cell array. The synergistic effect of utilizing specially tailored screen ...printable stretchable inks that combine the attractive electrical and mechanical properties of CNTs with the elastomeric properties of polyurethane as a binder along with a judiciously designed free-standing serpentine pattern enables the printed device to possess two degrees of stretchability. Owing to these synergistic design and nanomaterial-based ink effects, the device withstands extremely large levels of strains (up to 500% strain) with negligible effect on its structural integrity and performance. This represents the highest stretchability offered by a printed device reported to date. Extensive electrochemical characterization of the printed device reveal that repeated stretching, torsional twisting, and indenting stress has negligible impact on its electrochemical properties. The wide-range applicability of this platform to realize highly stretchable CNT-based electrochemical sensors and biofuel cells has been demonstrated by fabricating and characterizing potentiometric ammonium sensor, amperometric enzyme-based glucose sensor, enzymatic glucose biofuel cell, and self-powered biosensor. Highly stretchable printable multianalyte sensor, multifuel biofuel cell, or any combination thereof can thus be realized using the printed CNT array. Such combination of intrinsically stretchable printed nanomaterial-based electrodes and strain-enduring design patterns holds considerable promise for creating an attractive class of inexpensive multifunctional, highly stretchable printed devices that satisfy the requirements of diverse healthcare and energy fields wherein resilience toward extreme mechanical deformations is mandatory.
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