This paper maps and describes how prototypes are used to elicit requirements of unknown unknowns in industry. Eight engineering design companies serve as a dataset for a multi-case investigation. By ...semi-quantitatively analysing 19 prototypes in terms of functionality, timing, stakeholder involvement and requirement elicitation, we present a wide spectrum of prototype utilizations. However, this broad span leads to misunderstandings of what the term ‘prototype’ encompasses, hindering exploitation of its full potential. Hence, we introduce the term ‘prototrial’ that covers functional prototypes utilized in the early stages of the design process, prototypes that effectively elicit unknown unknowns. With this contribution, we encourage introducing mind-sets and behaviours that aim at exploration and learning rather than lean implementation – a prototrial-driven culture.
•We map the current use of prototypes in 8 different companies.•Prototypes can be used to elicit unknown unknowns throughout the design process.•High functional prototypes built early in the process are especially useful to identify a wide range of unknown unknowns.•We propose a new term, ‘prototrial’ and ‘prototrial-driven cultures’ to describe this specific prototype use.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The use of analog models in microarchitecture design offers a series of benefits, from detailed exploration of small-scale elements to stimulating creativity and innovation. These enriching ...experiences significantly contribute to the design process and help develop more robust and effective architectural solutions. Models are tools that enhance haptic perception and play various roles in the analysis, experimentation, conceptualization, and teaching of microarchitectures. Their ability to provide a tangible and accessible representation of design makes them remarkable resources in the architectural design process.
•It is beneficial to involve People with Dementia (PwD) in design research.•More studies began to involve PwD in the moderate and severe stages of dementia.•The tools and recommendations can be ...categorized according to the dementia stage.•Researchers should consider the limitations of involving PwD in design research.•Outcomes of this review should be evaluated by multidisciplinary meetings.
Co-designing with people with dementia (PwD) can uncover their needs and preferences, which have been often overlooked. It is difficult for PwD to understand designers and express themselves in a conventional co-design session. This study aims to evaluate the effects of involving PwD in design research on both PwD and the design process; to identify the trends of involving PwD in design research; to extract tools, recommendations, and limitations of involving PwD from reviewed studies to update the recommendations on how to co-design with PwD. A scoping review was carried out within the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus, and eight research questions were proposed, in order to gain specific knowledge on the involvement of PwD in design research. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria, and 32 sessions were evaluated. Beneficial effects on both PwD and the design process were reported. The number of studies involving PwD in the moderate and severe stages of dementia has increased. Based on the review, an update of the existing tools and recommendations for co-designing with PwD is provided and a list of limitations of involving PwD is presented. The review shows that involving PwD in design research is beneficial for both the PwD and the design process, and there is a shift towards involving people who are in the moderate and severe stages of dementia. The authors propose that multidisciplinary meetings and case studies should be carried out to evaluate and refine the list of tools and recommendations as well as the list of limitations generated in this review.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A meta-analytical review of design studies (N = 43) was conducted examining whether and under what conditions the presence of examples will induce fixation or inspiration. The analysis revealed that ...providing examples made individuals generate more example-related and fewer categories of ideas, however, the ideas produced were more novel. Also, the quality of solutions ideas was positively correlated with the degree of copying from examples. The facilitatory effects on novelty and quality increased when fewer and less common examples were presented. Presenting a single and uncommon example may encourage individuals to shift from traversing between different parts of the problem space to conducting a deeper search in a specific and remote domain, facilitating the generation of high-quality and novel ideas.
•We conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining the effect of examples on design.•Examples led individuals to explore the problem space more narrowly and deeply.•The presence of example reduced the variety of the design solution ideas.•The presence of example improved the novelty and quality of the solution ideas.•Providing one single and uncommon example facilitated the design processes most.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
While scholars have studied benefits and drawbacks of prototype development, few have attempted to create a holistic framework to structure prototyping and combine insights from across technical ...domains. An extensive literature review of prototyping research and study of novice designers' mental models of prototyping is used to develop and validate a set of specifications for a holistic and structured prototyping framework. This work then introduces a novel framework to help structure prototyping, Prototype for X (PFX), as an alternative to traditional prototyping approaches in engineering design. Early results highlight the potential impact PFX can have on the design process and on the final design product compared to those achieved through ‘prototyping in the wild’. Future research directions are also discussed.
•Seven specifications of a prototyping framework are identified from the literature.•A benchmark study of novice designers' understanding of prototyping is presented.•A structured and holistic prototyping framework (Prototype for X) is proposed.•The elements of the framework along with initial lenses are presented.•Results indicate the potential impacts for PFX on design and designer outcomes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Reflections upon the meaning of the word 'design' are made and a relatively complete definition of the paradigm of human centred design is formulated. Aspects of both the background and the current ...practice of the paradigm are presented, as is a basic structural model of the design questions addressed. Examples are provided of the economic benefit of human centred design in business settings as an approach for designing products, systems and services which are physically, perceptually, cognitively and emotionally intuitive. Examples are further provided of the coherence of the paradigm with the logic and structure of several currently popular marketing and banding frameworks. Finally, some strategic implications of adopting human centred design as a business strategy are suggested.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Research into inspiration and fixation has produced a complex web of questions, methods, and findings, making it difficult to know what has already been investigated and learnt, and what to ...investigate next and how. To address this, we review the literature, focussing on 25 studies that adopt a similar experimental approach. This reveals 14 manipulated variables, relating to properties of the inspiration source and features of the design process. However, whilst these studies follow a similar approach, when scrutinised and compared, they show great variety in the methods used and the results obtained. We discuss this diversity, offering a methodological critique of inspiration and fixation research and providing recommendations for how future studies might be conducted and reported.
•We performed a methodological review of studies into inspiration and fixation.•We found 14 variables that have been systematically manipulated in the studies.•We also found variables often not observed and great variation in the evaluation.•We discuss different perspectives to explain design fixation and similar effects.•We suggest formalisation and inclusion of methods, and propose research questions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The demand for exploring advanced and eco-friendly sustainable packaging materials with superior physical, mechanical and barrier properties is increasing. The materials that are currently used in ...packaging for food, beverage, medical and pharmaceutical products, as well as in industrial applications, are non-degradable, and thus, these materials are raising environmental pollution concerns. Numerous studies have been conducted on the utilization of bio-based materials in the pursuit of developing sustainable packaging materials. Although significant improvements have been achieved, a balance among environmental concerns, economic considerations and product packaging performance is still lacking. This is likely due to bio-based materials being used in product packaging applications without a proper design. The present review article intends to summarize the information regarding the potential applications of cellulosic nanofiber for the packaging. The importance of the design process, its principles and the challenges of design process for sustainable packaging are also summarized in this review. Overall it can be concluded that scientists, designers and engineers all are necessarily required to contribute towards research in order to commercially exploit cellulose nanofiber for sustainable packaging.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Digital tools based on Building Information Modelling (BIM) provide the potential to facilitate environmental performance assessments of buildings. Various tools that use a BIM model for automatic ...quantity take-off as basis for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) have been developed recently. This paper describes the first application of such a BIM-LCA tool to evaluate the embodied global warming potential (GWP) throughout the whole design process of a real building. 34 states of the BIM model are analysed weekly. The results show that the embodied GWP during the design phase is twice as high as for the final building. These changes can be mainly attributed to the designers' approach of using placeholder materials that are refined later, besides other reasons. As such, the embodied GWP is highly overestimated and a BIM-based environmental assessment during the design process could be misleading and counterproductive. Finally, three alternatives to the established automatic quantity take-off are discussed for future developments.
•First application of a BIM-LCA approach throughout the design process of a real building•Tracking of design decisions using 34 fixed states of the continuously evolving BIM model•Identification of limitations of the current BIM-LCA approach•Proposals for future effective environmental performance improvement during the design phase
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Using foresight methods such as scenarios, possible futures can be described and anticipated. Needs and requirements as well as product properties can be derived from that, which is ...necessary to plan successful products for future customers. Changes that occur in the future development can be identified with monitoring and the expected future can be adjusted. A consistent understanding of the use of monitoring for the product engineering process does not exist and is developed in this paper. Thereby, monitoring is considered in the context of validation and located in iPeM.
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