The future is open: This is a basic assumption of modernity. It originated in the 18th century and still shapes our self-image today. This study uncovers another tradition: the effort to close the ...future again, to ‘fill it up’ with orders, models and political expectations. The theoretical and literary procedures of this closure from the period around 1800 recur in later phases of modernity as well.
La actitud de las futuras víctimas ante su destino sacrificial ha sido interpretada de muy distintas maneras: el cumplimiento de una función cósmica para alimentar al Sol y a la Tierra, la aceptación ...en virtud de un fatalismo sostenido por la creencia en un destino ineluctable o el sometimiento a un sistema político que aterrorizaba a las poblaciones. Aunque son escasas las fuentes que describen el estado de ánimo de las víctimas, algunas representaciones en códices y, sobre todo, valiosos testimonios recopilados en español y en náhuatl en el siglo xvi dan cuenta de actitudes muy diversas por parte de los futuros sacrificados. Al considerar la edad, el género y el origen social de las víctimas, sus funciones según los contextos rituales--en ocasiones personifican a deidades--, así como las distintas valoraciones del acto sacrificial--desde la exaltación heroica hasta la asignación un destino nefasto--, es posible esbozar un panorama más completo y matizado de las actitudes de los mesoamericanos ante la práctica ritual del sacrificio.
Abstract : Abel James and Benjamin Vaughan's letters were included in Benjamin Franklin's autobiography, in which he refers to himself as "The American," to support his claim that he was "The ...American" and to demonstrate the significance of the book's larger goal of inspiring Americans. The Great Gatsby, "Self-Reliance," The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are revered works of American literature because each one of them both exemplifies the promise and fervor of the American experience and serves as a sobering reminder that the American dream has occasionally proven to be out of reach because of racial or social class barriers in a supposedly egalitarian society.
Some philosophical-theological conflicts in the topic of A priori science, God's will and omnipotence with the issue of compulsion and human free will are still debated by commentators and experts. ...Re-reading and analyzing Ibn Sina's opinions about the effect of human will in the cause and effect system of the world and his solution to the paradoxical solution of free will and divine predestination necessitates research on this issue. Ibn Sina explains the system of will and free will as well as the knowledge of God's favor as the best system. According to Ibn Sina, divine destiny is God's general knowledge of the best system, and from this knowledge, possible beings emerge. According to him, based on divine decree, man has a type of will that has been subject to the will and providence of God with the discretion of what the speaking power recognizes as good. Man's free will can realize his desire or practical power -instead of being motivated by lower animal powers such as appetitive or angry powers- in the direction of realizing intellectual forms. It is in obtaining and paying attention to such a possibility that a person is placed on the path of destiny, that is, the granting of free will, in the sense of choosing goodness, beauty, and goodness, through the power of wisdom. From the point of view of Sheikh Al-Raees, human discretion means to be in line with God's will and his providence for the actualization and realization of the best system. This research is done with descriptive-analytical method.
A first krypton vs. xenon experimental comparison of the Hayabusa2 and DESTINY+ μ10 Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) gridded ion sources, and their ECR neutralizer, is presented. When operating on ...krypton, the ion sources deliver similar current in the same propellant consumption range and provide equivalent thrust levels. Nevertheless, the system experiences about 30% of thruster efficiency loss as the neutralizer propellant demand for comparable current levels more than doubles.
•The Hayabusa2 and DESTINY+ μ10 ECR ion sources deliver similar current in the same propellant consumption range operated on krypton and xenon.•Inside the ion sources, krypton can generate the largest current as it shows a delayed drop in power absorption with increased mass flow rate with respect to xenon.•The krypton propellant demand of the electron-cyclotronresonance neutralizer used by the μ10 thruster more than doubles the xenon one for comparable current levels.
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Türklerin bilinen ilk yazılı metinleri, anıt taşları ile mezar taşları, kayalar ve çeşitli nesneler üzerine yazılmış olup bunların sayısı bugün beş yüzü aşmıştır. Harflerin, 1893 yılında V. Thomsen ...tarafından çözüldüğü günden bu yana, eski Türk yazıtları üzerinde binlerce çalışma yapıldı. Bu çalışmaların bir bölümü doğrudan dilbilgisi konuları olmakla birlikte, önemli bir bölümü ise sosyal bilimlerin birçok alanı ile ilgilidir. Bu makalede, yazıtlar dönemi Türkçesinden, alın yazısı çerçevesinde elde edilen cümleler ve bu cümleleri meydana getiren söz varlığı üzerinde duruldu. Alın yazısının insan için ne anlam ifade ettiği gibi giriş bilgilerinden sonra yazıtlardan elde edilen cümlelere yer verildi. Türklerin özellikle mecaz anlamlı kelimeler kullanarak alın yazısından söz etmiş olması ve alın yazısı karşısındaki çaresizliğini dile getirmesi, yedi ve sekizinci yüzyıl Türkçesinin işlenmiş bir edebî dil olduğunun en önemli kanıtlarından biri olduğu belirtildi. Ayrıca makaleye konu olan verilerin yalnızca büyük kağanlık yazıtlarından değil, beylerin ve halkın yazdığı metinlerden de elde edilmiş olması, alın yazısı, nasip, talih gibi metafizik konuların halk tarafından da bilindiği sonucuna ulaşılmaya çalışıldı. Tespit edilen cümlelerin bir başka önemli yanının, yedi ve sekizinci yüzyıl Türk dünyasının hangi inanç sistemine sahip olduğunun anlaşılabileceği konusunda önemli ipuçları sunabileceğine değinildi.
The article discusses some werewolf motifs in Swedish ballads, which tell of shapeshifters of ambiguous character that change between a human and a non-human body, dwell in spaces on the fringe of ...the human world, and have potential to intrude into the world of humans. Some of them represent a harsh untamed wilderness, others dangers, threats, or misbehaviour inside the human community. All religious imaginaries have fantastic things to tell: myths from before time, truths about the present, and hopes for the future. But no worldview can move beyond a recognizable everyday world, and the problems presented must be relevant. Did people believe in the content of the supernatural ballads? We should rather ask whether people were able to mirror their lives and nightmares in them.
SAMMANDRAG: Artikeln diskuterar framställningen av varulvar de framträder i några svenska ballader. Dessa förmedlar bilder av varelser med tvetydig karaktär och som kan skifta mellan mänsklig och icke-mänsklig kropp, uppehålla sig på gränsen mellan det djuriska och mänskliga och med potential att tränga långt in i människornas värld. Några av dem representerar det otämjt vilda, andra faror, hot och missgärningar i den mänskliga gemenskapen. Alla religiösa bildvärldar har fantastiska saker att förmedla: myter från före tidens gryning, sanningar om det nuvarande och hopp om framtiden. Men ingen världsbild kan röra sig bortom det vardagligt gripbara och problemen som formuleras måste vara relevanta. Trodde människor verkligen på de övernaturliga tematikerna i balladerna? Vi kanske hellre ska fråga om de kunde spegla sina liv och mardrömmar i dem.
يتناولُ هذا البحثُ "هوميروس بين الاعتقاد اللاهوتي الميثولوجي والفلسفة"؛ إذ يعدُّ هوميروس من أوائل الشعراء والأدباء الذين استخدموا الأساطير لتصوير اعتقاداتهم الخاصة بالحياة الإنسانية كوحدةٍ متكاملةٍ ...بكلِّ جوانبها المختلفة، وهذا ما يظهرُ في ملحمتيه "الإلياذة والأوديسة"، فهاتان الملحمتان تتناولان عددًا من الاعتقادات الراسخة عند هوميروس، هذه الاعتقادات تَحمل رؤيةً إنسانيةً عميقةَ الأبعاد، وتُعدُّ خيرَ تمهيدٍ للفلسفة في نشأتها الأولى، وقد قسَّمتُ البحثَ إلى ستة عناصر، الأول: اعتقاد الألوهية عند هوميروس، والثاني: القضاء والقدر، والثالث: الموت والعالم الآخر، والرابع: المرأة، والخامس: انفعال الغضب، والسادس: الصداقــة.وقد توصَّلَ الباحثُ في نهايةِ بحثهِ إلى أنَّ اعتقادات هوميروس التي سلَّم بها في الإلياذة والأوديسة لم تكن اعتقادات خُرافية، بل كانت ظلًا للحقيقة السائدة في المجتمع اليوناني آنذاك، فالأساطير العظيمة التي تحملها الملحمتان السابقتان ليست أوهامًا، بل هو منطوق النفس الإنسانية في ذلك الوقت، وما الأساطير إلا الإدراك الرمزي لتلك الحقائق، كما تُعتبر هذه الاعتقادات خطوات تمهيدية للفكر الفلسفي اليوناني، وكان لها تأثيرٌ كبيرٌ على عددٍ من الفلاسفة اليونان.AbstractThe topic of this study is "Homer between Mythological Theological Belief and philosophy", Homer is credited as being among the first poets and authors to employ mythology. His two epics, "The Iliad and the Odyssey", illustrate his conviction in the unity of diverse humanities as an integration in varied facets. These two epics address a variety of Homer's solid beliefs. These ideas, conveying a profound human vision are regarded as the finest introduction to philosophy in its primary stage. This research is divided into six elements: the first element is Homer's belief in Divinity, the second: Fate and Destiny, the third: death and the hereafter, the fourth: women, the fifth: Emotion of anger, and the sixth: friendship.After conducting extensive investigation, the researcher comes to the conclusion that Homer’s identified ideas in the Iliad and the Odyssey are not superstitious, but rather a reflection of the truth dominant in the Greek society. The great myths in the first two epics are not made up; rather, they represent the human soul at that particular moment, and myths are nothing more than the symbolic manifestation of these truths. These ideas, seen as forerunners of Greek philosophy, greatly impacted several Greek philosopher.
The first known written texts of the Turks were written on monument stones, tombstones, rocks and various objects, and today their number exceeds five hundred. Thousands of studies have been carried ...out on old Turkic inscriptions since the letters were deciphered by V. Thomsen in 1893. Some of these studies are directly related to grammar. Some of these studies are related to many fields of social sciences. In this article, we focused on the sentences obtained from the Turkic of the inscription period within the framework of destiny writing and the vocabulary that makes up these sentences. After the introductory information, such as what the destiny means to a person, sentences obtained from the inscriptions were included. It was stated that the fact that Turks talked about destiny, especially using figurative words, and expressed their helplessness in the face of destiny, was one of the most important proofs that seventh and eighth century Turkic was a developed literary language. The fact that the data subject to the article was obtained not only from the Khaganate inscriptions but also from the texts written by the begs and the people, it was tried to reach the conclusion that metaphysical issues such as destiny, fate and luck were also known by the people. It was mentioned that another important aspect of the identified sentences is that they can provide important clues about which belief system the Turkish world had in the seventh and eighth centuries.
T cell responses are initiated by antigen and promoted by a range of costimulatory signals. Understanding how T cells integrate alternative signal combinations and make decisions affecting immune ...response strength or tolerance poses a considerable theoretical challenge. Here, we report that T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory signals imprint an early, cell-intrinsic, division fate, whereby cells effectively count through generations before returning automatically to a quiescent state. This autonomous program can be extended by cytokines. Signals from the TCR, costimulatory receptors, and cytokines add together using a linear division calculus, allowing the strength of a T cell response to be predicted from the sum of the underlying signal components. These data resolve a long-standing costimulation paradox and provide a quantitative paradigm for therapeutically manipulating immune response strength.
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