Introduction to Industrial Control Networks Galloway, B.; Hancke, G. P.
IEEE Communications surveys and tutorials,
2013-Second Quarter, Volume:
15, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
An industrial control network is a system of interconnected equipment used to monitor and control physical equipment in industrial environments. These networks differ quite significantly from ...traditional enterprise networks due to the specific requirements of their operation. Despite the functional differences between industrial and enterprise networks, a growing integration between the two has been observed. The technology in use in industrial networks is also beginning to display a greater reliance on Ethernet and web standards, especially at higher levels of the network architecture. This has resulted in a situation where engineers involved in the design and maintenance of control networks must be familiar with both traditional enterprise concerns, such as network security, as well as traditional industrial concerns such as determinism and response time. This paper highlights some of the differences between enterprise and industrial networks, presents a brief history of industrial networking, gives a high level explanation of some operations specific to industrial networks, provides an overview of the popular protocols in use and describes current research topics. The purpose of this paper is to serve as an introduction to industrial control networks, aimed specifically at those who have had minimal exposure to the field, but have some familiarity with conventional computer networks.
Though theories about retention and student development have been in the literature for decades, they have mainly existed in silos with little exploration of how they could or should be used ...together. This scholarly paper seeks to engage with the idea that there are synergistic connections between student development and retention theories that could further promote student success.
Long-term athlete development is a primary focus for the England Rugby Football Union (RFU). The purpose of this study was to explore the anthropometric, physical, and relative age characteristics of ...rugby union academy players based on age group and playing position. Seventy-eight participants were examined for height, body mass, 10 and 20 m sprint, countermovement jump, reactive strength index, aerobic capacity, isometric hip extension, dominant handgrip strength, and birth quartile (BQ) across three age categories (i.e., under-16, under-18, and under-21) and two positions (forwards and backs). ANOVA and Kruskall–Wallis analysis were used to examine differences across each age category and position. TukeyHSD and Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction was used for further post-hoc analysis. BQ distributions were compared against national norms using chi-square analysis. Results revealed that both older forwards (P=0.005) and backs (P=0.002) had significantly greater body mass, maximal aerobic capacity, and power compared to younger players. However, older forwards had slower 10 m sprint times compared to younger forwards. Moreover, relatively older players were significantly overrepresented across all age groups when compared to relatively younger players. Findings suggest that: (a) players should aim to develop greater parameters of body mass and aerobic capacity; (b) forwards should aim to develop acceleration and strength; (c) backs should aim to develop power and quickness; (d) players need to develop anthropometric and physical qualities and differences are apparent by age and position; and, (e) coaches should consider relative age when recruiting and developing young players.
Key words: Talent identification; Talent development; Expertise; Physical development; Physiological profile; Rugby football
Unrealistic project plans and cost overruns create problems for software professionals and their clients. In spite of much research and numerous attempts to learn from experience, the problem of ...inaccurate, frequently overoptimistic cost estimates hasn't been solved. This article summarizes some knowledge that could improve the estimation accuracy, but we still lack some knowledge that hinders us from being able to produce accurate estimates.
Spatial planning is increasingly expected to address climate change adaptation. In a Swedish context, this has meant a predominant focus on risks of flooding, erosion and sea-level rise. Gradually, ...regulatory mechanisms and concrete strategies are evolving to support practical mainstreaming. The aim of this paper was to analyze how frontline planners approach climate change adaptation in an urban context, emphasizing the process of settling and enacting strategic guidelines in spatial planning. The study suggests that municipalities are being preactive, i.e., preparing to act by settling guidelines rather than proactively implementing change when planning for new settlements. Further, the process of accommodating climate risks involves problems. Settling strategic guidelines and determining appropriate levels for what to adapt to are but the start of approaching climate change. Guidelines represent more of an endeavor than settling absolute limits and actually applying the guidelines involves challenges of accessibility and esthetics where the new waterfront limits meets older city structures. Further, guidelines are seen as negotiable since an overarching principle is to maintain flexibility in planning to allow for continued waterfront planning. Pursuing this path is motivated by current demand and previous urban settlement patterns. Also, as future protective measures are needed to secure existing urban areas at risk of flooding and erosion, planners see no use in preventing further waterfront development. Although settling guidelines are important in preparing to act, their practical effectiveness all fall back to how they are actually implemented in daily planning. This leads us to problematize the role of strategic guidelines to secure a climate-proof spatial planning.
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Proofreading is both a tedious and difficult task. It is expensive to hire a professional to do the job, and it may be also difficult to find someone competent. Newspapers skip proof readers to save ...money, and most writers try to do the job themselves. The consequences are clearly seen from errors in text written by professionals to incomprehensive e-mails and blogs. This creates misunderstandings, offers false data, and, in the worst cases, may give a very bad impression. This paper presented an automatic proof reading tool that works in any language. The principle is to compare the sentences offered by the user to similar sentences in a large text repository and then offer suggestions for improvement in the cases where the user's choice gets a zero or low frequency and where other alternatives get higher scores. The prototype that is presented here works on rather small text repositories but can still offer valuable suggestions in many cases. In a product version, large repositories are required. In order to be able to process such amounts of data by the brute force technique that is presented here, a large cluster of computers will be needed.
Making Sustainability Work Epstein, Marc J.; Buhovac, Adriana Rejc; Elkington, John ...
2014, 20170908, 2017-09-08, 2014-03-10
eBook
The best practices in corporate sustainability performance are no longer the exclusive domain of companies like Ben & Jerry's or The Body Shop, as they were a decade ago; now, large, multinational ...companies like G.E. and Wal-Mart are leading the way with significant financial and organizational commitments to social and environmental issues. However, good intentions aren't enough. Whether motivated by concern for society and the environment, government regulation, stakeholder pressures, or economic profit, managers and strategists need to continue making significant changes to more effectively manage their social, economic, and environmental impacts—and to remain competitive. The guidance they need to do that is in this book.
This paper discusses about engineering beyond specialization. It is well for many young engineers to approach their training with an open mind about what they will learn and decide if specialization ...is meant for them.
As you approach your final year of under . graduate studies and start the process of applying to graduate schools, you "will realize that you need at least three letters of recommen dation to ...complete your application. Admissions committees take these letters very seriously, but there is a reasonable chance that you will not think about them until the application comes up. This article describes the ins and outs of how to get letters that will improve your chances of gaining admission to a great graduate
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