V prispevku1 prikazujemo šestintrideset bertoških hišnih imen, ki smo jih v sodelovanju z istrskoslovensko govorečimi domačini zapisali med terensko raziskavo leta 2020. Iz analize izhaja, da so ...hišna imena obravnavanega kraja – glede na poimenovalno motivacijo – nastala iz osebnih lastnih imen, priimkov, geografskih imen, iz poimenovanj za poklice, iz poimenovanj za rastline in živali ter iz vzdevkov, npr. pri Drejčkih, pri Marticih, pri Papečih, pri Tonetu šuštarju, pri Panankuli, pri Čuketih ali pri Trakajih. Etimološka analiza je pokazala, da je večina imen romanskega izvora, kar priča o vplivu, ki ga je imela istrobeneščina na slovensko istrsko narečje, čeprav so skozi zgodovino v kraju sobivali vaščani slovanskih in romanskih korenin, ki so bili večinoma (vsaj) receptivno dvojezični.
The article focuses on the discourse of perceptual dialectology with the emphasis on the issue of the objective dialecticity. The aim to analyse the question of the objective dialecticity as a ...dialect parameter is essentially an attempt to identify the linguistic features of the dialect artefact that distinguish this artefact from other observation artefacts from the perspective of an ordinary member of the language community. Thus, the article, based on the data of language attitudes and perception of variants, develops an illustrative discourse, which reveals the features and values of the objective dialecticity from the perspective of an ordinary member of the Lithuanian language community. The research data reveals that the system of the objective dialecticity features of ordinary members of the language community encompasses distinctive, characteristic, and fuzzy dialectal features. Only more characteristic and intense prominent secondary (characteristic) and tertiary (fuzzy) features in the horizontal continuum of the regional language variance determine that ordinary members of the language community (re)construct the dialect artefact on the basis of the latter.
Mažosios baltų kalbos? Vytautas Kardelis
Kalbotyra - Vilniaus universitetas,
01/2017, Volume:
68
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Viena iš išsamiai svarstytų ir, atrodytų, gerai ištirtų tradicinės baltistikos problemų yra mažųjų baltų kalbų – jotvingių, kuršių, žiemgalių, sėlių – identifikacija. Tačiau atidžiau panagrinėjus ...motyvus, argumentus bei empirinę medžiagą – visa tai, kuo remiamasi identifikuojant mažąsias baltų kalbas, šiame straipsnyje pateikiama tradicinės mažųjų baltų kalbų sampratos dekonstrukcija ir verifikuojamos hipotezės, mažųjų baltų kalbų klausimu pateiktos šiuose svarbiausiuose fundamentiniuose ir klasikiniuose veikaluose: Būga 1958–1961; Dini 2000; 2014; Kabelka 1982; Karaliūnas 2015; Mažiulis 1994; Salys 1995; Zinkevičius 1984; Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija 2008. Dekonstruojant keliamas klausimas: ar tikrai lingvistinėje literatūroje vardijamas ypatybes galima laikyti identifikacinėmis, t. y. ar jomis remiantis galima skirti (atskirti, išskirti) mažąsias baltų kalbas? Išnagrinėjus šias ypatybes, jų tarpusavio santykį ir identifikacinį svorį paaiškėjo (žr. 7 pav.), kad, deja, kol kas trūksta patikimų lingvistinių duomenų ir aiškių argumentų, kad būtų galima identifikuoti ir skirti jotvingių, kuršių, žiemgalių ir sėlių kalbas. Toliau straipsnyje verifikuojamas istorinių regionų, onomastikos faktų ir lietuvių kalbos dialektų ypatybių vaidmuo identifikuojant mažąsias baltų kalbas. Atlikus verifikaciją ir mažųjų baltų kalbų sampratos dekonstrukciją paaiškėjo du paradoksalūs dalykai, susiję su mažųjų baltų kalbų skyrimu remiantis keliomis iš principo tik fonetinėmis ypatybėmis ir lietuvių baltistikoje net ir šiais laikais gana populiaria baltų kalbų archajiškumo (ar senumo) idėja. Straipsnis baigiamas tyrimo perspektyvų siūlymais, kuriuos galima nusakyti trimis žingsniais: tipofilija, tipologija, dialektometrija.
Straipsnyje pristatomas Vilkaviškio jaunuolių kalbinės gimtinės vaizdinių tyrimas. Tiriamoji medžiaga – pagal perceptyviosios dialektologijos metodologiniais principais parengtą anketą surinkti ...duomenys. Moksleivių savimonėje susiformavęs nevienalytis gimtųjų apylinkių šnektos vaizdas – Vilkaviškyje kalbama ir tarminiu, ir netarminiu, ir abiem kalbos variantais. Kalbinės gimtinės kaip tarminės raiškos plotas paprastai apima gretimas sritis arba beveik sutampa su patarmės, regiono ribomis. Kalbinė gimtinė kaip bendrinės kalbos zona, Vilkaviškio jaunuolių požiūriu, neatsiejama nuo Marijampolės, kurioje taip pat fiksuota trejopa kalbinė raiška. Vilkaviškio apylinkėse vartojamos šnektos gyvybingumą ir tęstinumą rodo ne tik beveik pusės respondentų pasirinkimas kalbėti tarmiškai, palankus tarmės vertinimas ir jos vartojimas visuose domenuose, tarmiškai kalbančio žmogaus siejimas su kilme, gyvenamąja vieta, praeitimi, vyriausiąja karta ir pagarba savam kraštui, tradicijoms, bet ir sudėtingas savajai šnektai būdingų tarminių ypatybių įvardijimas.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE i, ē AND i̯ā STEM NOUNS IN THE NORTHERN ŠIRVINTIŠKIAI SUBDIALECT
Summary
The present article is a joint analysis of three noun stems, as the majority of their endings have become ...syncretic due to phonetic and morphological development, and the above process resulted in good conditions for mixing of the said stems. Mostly the development of baritone stress i, ē and i̯ā stem nouns is discussed in the article, as unstressed endings have changed to a greater extent than stressed ones in the majority of Eastern Aukštaitian dialects.
Quite a number of linguists attribute the majority of morphological changes to essentially phonetic changes. Numerous phonetic and accentual processes have taken place in different case endings of i, ē and i̯ā stem nouns of the Northern Širvintiškiai subdialect (in the localities of Kavarskas, Vidiškiai, Ukmergė and Pašilė). The main processes were Leskien's law (having resulted in the shortening of as many as fifteen case endings), shortening of unstressed long vowels (as unstressed endings were devoid of long vowels), fronting of the vowels a and ā preceded by palatalised consonants (this resulted in conditions for the baritone stress I̯ā stem to develop into the ē stem, cf. nom. sg. *saujā > *saujē “handful” vs. *dulkē “dust”, gen. sg. *saujās > *saujēs vs. *dulkēs etc.), monophthongisation of circumflex and unstressed word‑ending diphthongs ‑ai, ‑ei and ‑ui (the dative case singular endings of all‑stem nouns have become syncretic, e.g. ká․rvi “for a cow”, í․lti “for a fang”, se̾․seri “for a sister”), etc.
Following the aforementioned and other changes, a considerable part of case endings belonging to i, ē and I̯ā stem nouns have also become syncretic. Only the singular nominative case nouns with all the three stems have two different endings (e.g. í․ltis “fang”, sá․uje “handful”, dú․lke “dust”). All the remaining singular cases have identical endings. Syncretism is also found among some of the case endings in the plural. Conditions developed for i stem nouns to become members of the ē stem paradigm. Only a very small fraction of i stem baritone stress nouns have remained: í․ltis “fang”, nó·sis “nostril”, pí․ntis “axe head”, klέ̤·tis “granary”, pá․ltis “piece of back bacon” and sví․rtis “lever”. The stable ē stem was preserved well and furthermore enhanced with I̯ā and i stem words.
Out of the morphological changes, the most important one is the elimination of system symmetry (substitution of bivocal endings with monovocal ones, e.g. *iltimus > iltims “for fangs”, *iltiji > iltiI̯ “in a fang” etc.). This tendency was typical of all the grammatical cases having bivocal endings except the plural inessive and illative, which have main long forms (e.g. dú․lkese “in dust” and dú․lkesnα “into dust”) in addition to short forms (dú․lkes “in dust, into dust”). The preserved forms with bivocal endings retain the inessive‑illative opposition.
The dual number has nearly disappeared in all the stems. In the area of Northern Širvintiškiai, the emergence of the syncretic singular and dual accusative case due to phonetic development was particularly unfavourable for the retention of the dual number: the word í․lti may signify “one fang” (acc. sg.) and “two fangs” (acc. dual).
After the disappearance of bivocal endings, unpopular consonant combinations like ‑mp, ‑sp developed in the adessive and allative cases, e.g. iltiesp “towards a fang”, ilčiump “towards fangs”. Besides this, they competed with prepositional constructions and were eventually substituted with such phrases entirely.
NOUN STEMS AND THEIR HIERARCHY IN THE NORTHERN ŠIRVINTIŠKIAI SUBDIALECTSummaryIn the Northern Širvintiškiai subdialect, a noun stem is treated as independent if it differs from other stems in at ...least the ending of one case form. With regard to this condition, the i stem and the consonant stem are subdivided into the masculine and feminine gender stems. In the subdialect, traditional stems have been better retained in nouns having mobile stress. Due to shortening of unstressed long vowels, partial stress retraction and other reasons, barytone nouns have deviated to a great extent from the primary paradigms.In the Northern Širvintiškiai subdialect, the number of noun stems is lower than that in standard Lithuanian and in the majority of its dialects, as i̯u, i̯a1 and i̯a2 stem nouns are inflected in a totally homogeneous way, i. e. according to the i̯a2 stem implicative model. Nouns of mobile stress have a, i̯a2, u, ā, i̯ā, ē, im, if, Cm and Cf stems. Barytone stress nouns only have six stems, i. e. a, i̯a2, u, ā, ē, and if stems. The i̯ā stem has coincided with the ē stem. Meanwhile, the im, Cm and Cf stems are not found in words with barytone stress.Hierarchic stem grouping “trees” that are produced using three methods (the maximum, minimum and average methods) indicate existence of three different types of noun declension: the masculine model (embracing the a, i̯a2 and u stems), the feminine model (the ā and i̯ā stems) and the mixed model (the im, if, Cm and Cf stems). The ē stem is isolated: it embraces feminine gender nouns, yet according to declension there is a tendency towards the mixed declension type to a slightly greater extent.The a, i̯a2, ā, i̯ā and ē stems are stable. They do not decline or rarely decline from their implicative models, and have no additional (complementary) paradigms. They are all (except for the i̯ā stem) highly productive, open, constantly enriched with words from standard Lithuanian, other dialects and languages, and also with words having unstable stems. Unstable stems are as follows: u, im, if, Cm and Cf.They are unproductive, and often have complementary paradigms and lose part of words belonging to them.
ACCENTUATION PECULIARITIES OF PERIPHERAL SUBDIALECTS OF EAST HIGHLANDERS OF THE VILNIUS DIALECTSummaryThe paper sets out to overview the accentuation features of the Svirkos subdialect (Adutiškis ...parish, district of Švenčionys) located in the area of frequent Lithuanian-Slavic contacts. The features include the relics of oxytone and barytone accentuation, columnal accentuation, the double-peaked and secondary stress types.The accentuation system of the Svirkos subdialect has been found to be rather close to other peripheral subdialects of the Vilnius dialect (Gervėčiai, Dieveniškės etc.). The parameters that help identify the closeness of the subdialects are as follows: 1) well-preserved barytone and oxytone accentuation patterns; 2) the impact of Slavic languages on prosody (violations of the Saussure-Fortunatov law, the stress placement is not related to the tone of the word, columnal accentuation). The author suggests that the double-peaked stress and the secondary phonological stress in northern dialects are stronger (in the area of the Utena dialect), whereas in southern dialects (southern highlanders) weaker than in peripheral subdialects of the Vilnius dialect. Secondary non-phonological stresses, though optional, perform important functions: contribute to the rhythmic arrangement of the phrase (rhythmic stress), make up for the loss of ending or help preserve the full ending (morphemic stress). The accentuation systems of Vilnius dialect idioms are less different than their vocalisms.
К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ИЗМЕНЕНИИ ГЛАСНОГО e В СРЕДЕ ГЕТЕРОСИЛЛАБИЧЕСКИХ m, n В ГОВОРАХ ЛИТОВСКОГО ЯЗЫКАРезюмеВ жемайтских говорах безударный гласный e в среде гетеросиллабических m, n превратился в i. ...Обследование аукштайтских говоров показало, что в них (во многих местах) e в подобной позиции тоже превращается в i. Такое изменение гласного e зависит от аккомодации.Судя по письменным памятникам, это явление в некоторых местах существовало уже в XVI в.
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