As our understanding of host gut microbiome increases, research interests in the fields of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are growing rapidly. Currently, the majority of prebiotics in the ...markets are derived from non-digestible oligosaccharides. Very few investigations have been focused on non-digestible long chain complex carbohydrates/polysaccharides for their potential as novel prebiotics. One of the reasons behind this is the unavailability of non-digestible polysaccharides that can fulfill the criteria as prebiotics. Beta-glucans that exist as non-digestible polysaccharides derived from different food sources have demonstrated not only health promoting effects, but also the potential as a novel source of prebiotics. This review commences with the current trends in the research fields of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics. This is followed by a discussion of the potential of long chain beta-glucans to serve as novel prebiotics based on current knowledge on their sources, preparation, fermentation characteristics, and the plausible mechanisms involved in their utilization. Some future research directions with emphasis on new approaches using molecular biology, genetics and genomics are also discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This study aimed to determine the in vitro nutrient digestibility of complete silage from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench using different additives. The method used was a completely randomized design ...containing 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely, R1: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala (without additives/control), R2: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala + 20% rice bran + 10% rock sugar, R3: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala + 20% corn meal + 10% rock sugar, R4: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala + 20% pollard + 10% rock sugar. The additive material percentage was calculated based on the chopped weight of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and L. leucocephala. The data obtained were assessed by the analysis of variance, and then continuously analyzed by the Duncan's multiple range test. The Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants were harvested on 70 days after planting and withered for 3 hours to reduce the moisture content, and then chopped at 3 cm size. The chopped results were mixed with the additive materials based on the treatments and their percentages applied, and then moved to the plastic container (silo), the mixture that was moved into the silo was suppressed to make the chopped layer solid (anaerobic principal). Ensilage process was stood for 21 days. The complete silage was removed, and its in vitro nutrient digestibility was analyzed. The results showed that the use of additives could improve the dry matter, organic matter, N-NH3, and VFA digestibility of complete silage from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. It can be concluded that the additive supplementation of 20% pollard and 10% rock sugar can improve the dry matter, organic matter, N-NH3, and VFA digestibility of complete silage from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (ADCdrymatter), crude protein (ADCprotein) and the gross energy (ADCenergy) of the aquatic macrophytes Spirodela polyrhiza, Lemna minor and ...Azolla filiculoides treated by sun drying and lactic acid fermentation were determined for juveniles (31.0 ± 5.2 g) of Cachama blanca, Piaractus brachypomus. Each test ingredient was included at 300 g kg-1 in a semipurified reference diet containing chromium oxide as an indicator. Faeces were collected by a specific sedimentation system. The ADCdrymatter, ADCprotein and ADCenergy of the reference diet were 56.8%, 97.2% and 70.1%, respectively. The 3 x 2 factorial analysis of variances indicated that the digestibility coefficients of the tested macrophytes were significantly different between plant material and treatments, but not between their combinations. ADCprotein ranged from 74.9% to 84.5% in fermented macrophytes and from 51.1% to 60.4% in sundried macrophytes, indicating that the fermentation process had increased the protein digestibility of the aquatic plants (P<0.05). Among the plants, fermented Spirodela polyrhiza showed the highest nutrient and energy digestibility. Lactic acid fermentation is a highly recommendable treatment when aquatic macrophytes should be include into diets for Cachama blanca.
Avaliaram-se o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente das frações fibrosas de silagens dos sorgos BR601, BR700, BR701 e AG2002. O maior consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foi observado com as ...silagens dos híbridos BR701 e BR601 (P<0,05), e o consumo da silagem do híbrido BR700 não diferiu do consumo das demais silagens. A maior digestibilidade aparente da FDN foi obtida com o BR601 (P<0,05) e a menor com o BR700 (P<0,05). O maior consumo de FDN digestível ocorreu no BR601 (P<0,05). Com BR700 e AG2002 ocorreu o menor consumo de FDN digestível (P<0,05). O maior consumo de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foi observado no híbrido BR700 e o menor no AG2002 (P<0,05). As silagens dos híbridos BR601 e BR700 apresentaram digestibilidade aparente da FDA maior do que a da silagem do AG2002 (P<0,05). O maior consumo de FDA digestível foi observado com o BR700 e o menor com o AG2002 (P<0,05). O maior consumo de celulose foi observado na silagem do BR700 e o menor na silagem do AG2002 (P<0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças entre híbridos quanto à digestibilidade aparente da celulose. O consumo de celulose digestível foi maior com os híbridos BR700, BR601 e BR701 (P<0,05) e menor com o AG2002 (P<0,05). O maior consumo de hemicelulose foi obtido com o BR601 (P<0,05). Não houve diferenças entre os híbridos quanto à digestibilidade aparente da hemicelulose e ao consumo de hemicelulose digestível. O maior consumo de lignina foi observado no híbrido BR700 (P<0,05). Os menores consumos de lignina foram observados no BR601 e AG2002 (P<0,05).
The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of sifted granulated maize meal and the digestibility of the protein in yellow haricot beans were determined in intact and caecectomised rats.
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