Purpose - This paper seeks to examine the differences between traditional documentary credits and corporate issued documentary credits and to show the effects of these differences on the application ...of documentary credits within a fraud context.Design methodology approach - The objective of the paper is achieved by analysis of relevant documents of related institutions together with some examples of works done by the authors from the field.Findings - It is found that the documentary credits issued by corporations can be a tool for financial fraud due to lack of information in classifications and lack of experience for this product.Practical implications - Companies dealing with international trade can benefit from the risk involved in that type of transactions. It is also possible that a new classification can also be arranged including corporate letters of credits.Originality value - The paper covers a topic which is almost untouched. As the number of documentary credits that are issued by corporates are rare and this is not also well documented in the theory was shown by this research. The absence of the information in theory and practice gives room to the fraudster.
Full text
Available for:
CEKLJ, NUK, PRFLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
The three main policy considerations that underpin the determination of the law governing letters of credit in the absence of choice are discussed. The most appropriate outcome, given the current law ...and the commercial realities, would be for the courts either to adopt the fresh agreements approach based on an implied choice of law, or to establish a fixed law in the context of freely negotiable letters of credit.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The three main policy considerations that underpin the determination of the law governing letters of credit in the absence of choice are discussed. The most appropriate outcome, given the current law ...and the commercial realities, would be for the courts either to adopt the fresh agreements approach based on an implied choice of law, or to establish a fixed law in the context of freely negotiable letters of credit.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A Short Course in International Payments describes how to use letters of credit and documentary collections, how to grant and obtain credit, and how to use cyberpayments in international trade. The ...book also has an excellent section on trade documentation.
This article deals with the traditional conception of purchase of a conforming tender of documents under a negotiation letter of credit and the extent to which that understanding has evolved in the ...courts in recent years to meet the changing needs of bankers involved in credit operations. In particular, it provides a thorough analysis of the conventional view of negotiation as the purchase of complying presentation by a nominated bank. Along the way it tackles thorny problems involving a nominated bank's promise to pay upon receipt of funds from the issuing bank; the legal nature and effect of the bank's discounted payment of the amount of a credit after having been advised by the issuing bank that the documents are complying; the question of ascertaining the conformity of a negotiation with the negotiation period stipulated in a credit; and finally the vexed issue of what amounts to good faith purchase by a nominated bank.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CEKLJ, FFLJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, PRFLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
One of the most "Russian" aspects of Vladimir Nabokov's work is the level at which he engages with, reflects upon, and imbeds Russian literature as a whole in his writing. The relationship between ...Nabokov and Vladislav Khodasevich is deep, multifaceted, and bidirectional, forged by Alexander Pushkin. More than polemical alliances or thematic affinities, the way in which the writers present the creative process illuminates their intellectual common ground. Critical essays by each writer reveal essential information about Nabokov's and Khodasevich's views on the nature of the poet, the process of artistic creation, the poem's form and meaning, and about art itself. Here, Else examines these essays to demonstrate how their individual affinity with Pushkin shapes their harmonious views of the creative process.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, INZLJ, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
The three main policy considerations that underpin the determination of the law governing letters of credit in the absence of choice are discussed. The most appropriate outcome, given the current law ...and the commercial realities, would be for the courts either to adopt the fresh agreements approach based on an implied choice of law, or to establish a fixed law in the context of freely negotiable letters of credit.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In every country it always is and must be the interest of the great body of the people to buy whatever they want of those who sell it cheapest. The proposition is so very manifest, that it seems ...ridiculous to take any pains to prove it; nor could it ever have been called in question, had not the interest sophistry of merchants and manufacturers confounded the common sense of mankind.
