... provisions targeted at providing legal recognition to electronic documents and to acts performed through electronic communication have emerged in many countries.4 A certain number of ...international instruments also focus on this specific topic. ... as usual when we talk about merchants, the trade refused to wait for the arrival of the necessary changes in the law and began to pursue the legal recognition of electronic writings and signatures through contractual arrangements.9 In order to support such endeavors and their objectives, some international bodies began to produce instruments supplying models and guidelines for the implementation of contractual rules on the use of electronic means.10 Shortly thereafter, legislators began to care about the need for removing legal obstacles to the use of such means, expressly providing for the legal validity of the writings and signatures in electronic form.11 In the context of international trade, one area of law where e-commerce rules were most needed was that affecting the carriage of goods.12 Several reasons exist for the foregoing contention.
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Use of documentary credits in facilitating international trade - autonomy of letters of credit from the underlying transaction - fraud exception to the autonomy principle - basis for the fraud ...exception - scope and standard of the fraud exception in common law - domestic banking relationship between bank and customer - options for approaches by New Zealand courts - case law.
Contracts protect the parties involved in a commercial transaction, but the negotiating and drafting processes are often so unstructured that the parties cannot be certain that their interests are ...indeed secured. This paper proposes a structured, model-driven approach to contracting that each party to a contract can use to assess the personal risk and trust it entails and decide whether it adequately protects their interests. If it does not, the model can support negotiations to amend the contract. The risk/trust model is based on the authors' earlier research on a generic model of trust for use in developing trust services for e-commerce.
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GLOBAL RANK Global Rank out of 45,177 stocks Description Value Rank Quartile MCap (US$) 267M 13,821 Second Total Assets (US$) 832.1M 9,340 Top Revenue (US$) 483.8M 8,771 Top Net Profit (US$) 27M ...8,921 Top Price Earnings 9.2 5,272 Top PV$1000 (1Year) US$* 279.8 34,678 Bottom US$* Change (1Year) % -72.5 34,467 Bottom * 1 year ago USD 1 equalled SAR 3.7509 Sep 09, 2015: USD 1 equals SAR 3.7509 Abdullah A. M. Al-Khodari Sons Company (SA:1330; SAU:1330; AB:1330) ISIN:
This paper introduces the concept of the electronic trade scenario as a potential solution to "open" electronic commerce-trade among parties that have no prior trading relationship. The basic idea is ...that trade scenarios would be stored in a publicly accessible electronic library (perhaps a "global repository" maintained by an independent international organization), and downloaded by trading parties as needed for a particular trade. The documentary Petri net (DPN) is presented as a possible representation for such trade scenarios. The InterProcs system is described as a prototyping environment to support the design and execution of such trading systems using the DPN representation. Given the assumption that the parties are trading at "arm's length," a key concern will be the development of trustworthy trade scenarios with sufficient controls and evidentiary documentation. Directions for further work to improve the quality and flexibility of trade scenario designs are described.
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... due to the impairment provision that was prudently booked for an exposure relating to two family businesses in Saudi Arabia, Shamil is reporting a net profit of $237,000 for the second quarter.
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