Enables you to detect, identify, and characterize hundreds of drugs that may be used by athletesMass spectrometry has become essential to sports drug testing. This book examines both the principles ...of sports drug testing and the use of mass spectrometry techniques and mass spectral data to detect, identify, and characterize hundreds of known and unknown drugs that athletes may use to enhance their performance. The author provides a detailed overview of the mass spectrometry of numerous classes of therapeutics and agents, various analyzers to detect low- and high-molecular weight drugs, as well as techniques to discriminate between endogenously produced and synthetically derived compounds.Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testingbegins with a full chapter dedicated to the history of sports drug testing. Next, the book provides the principles and techniques needed to maximize the specificity and sensitivity of mass spectrometric assays, including:Detailed, step-by-step assays with sample preparationDiscussion of both chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric analysisCharacterization of analytes in order to unequivocally identify banned substancesMass spectrometric behavior of low- and high-molecular weight analytesThroughout the book, descriptive examples illustrate the principles, advantages, and limitations of different assays.Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testingnot only sets forth the role mass spectrometry plays in detecting drug use among athletes, it also adds new insights into the health and ethical issues of doping in sports.
Doping is the biggest problem facing sport. The World Anti-Doping Code has been adopted by sporting organisations worldwide at both national and international level to provide a consistent and ...harmonised approach to anti-doping measures. The adoption of the Code, and its interpretation and application by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, has brought about great changes in sports law. This book provides a guide to the Code, illustrated through summaries of decisions by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and national level tribunals which show the Code in operation. It will assist all those involved in sport, whether as administrators, coaches or players, together with those who advise in the area and those interested in the operation of the current anti-doping regime. The book also explains the Amendments to the Code agreed in 2007 which are scheduled to come into force by January 2009.
N‐doped carbon nanomaterials have rapidly grown as the most important metal‐free catalysts in a wide range of chemical and electrochemical reactions. This current report summarizes the latest ...advances in N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts prepared by N mono‐doping and co‐doping with other heteroatoms. The structure–performance relationship of these materials is subsequently rationalized and perspectives on developing more efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts from carbon nanomaterials are also suggested.
N‐doped carbon nanomaterials have recently emerged as the most important metal‐free catalysts in electrochemical catalysis. The latest advances in N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts prepared by N mono‐doping and co‐doping with other heteroatoms are summarized and the structure−performance relationship of these materials is rationalized. Perspectives on developing more efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts from carbon nanomaterials are also suggested.
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Nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) counter electrodes (CEs) with different doping levels have been fabricated using in-situ electrochemical polymerization under different doping H sub(2)SO sub(4) ...concentration for applications in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of the H sub(2)SO sub(4) concentration on properties of the obtained PANI CEs, such as morphology, degree of polymerization, doping level of the SO super(2) sub(4) super(-) counter anions, oxidization state, and electrochemical activity for I super(-) sub(3) reduction, are thoroughly investigated using different techniques, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy (UV-vis). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). When using D149 dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO sub(2) photoanode, DSSC based on PANI CE polymerized with 0.35 M H sub(2)SO sub(4) shows the best photovoltaic performance with a solar-to-energy conversion efficiency up to 5.57%, which is competitive to that of Pt CE-based solar cells (6.00%). This is because PANI CE polymerized under such conditions exhibits high catalytic activity for I super(-)/I super(-) sub(3) redox reaction because of the large surface area, high degree of polymerization/oriented structure, high doping level, and high emeraldine base oxidization state. Thus, our results can help to prepare the PANI CEs with a better DSSC performance and, more important, to better understand the operation mechanism of PANI CEs.
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Polycrystalline samples of Ca3ax Bi x Co4O9+I' (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.30) have been prepared by conventional solid-state synthesis. Thermopower of all the samples is positive, ...indicating that the predominant carriers are holes over the entire temperature range. The resistivity of all the samples, except the one with x = 0.30, exhibits nonmetal to metal transition (T MI) in the low temperature regime. The resistivity results indicate that all the doped samples obey the variable range hopping in the low temperature regime. The T MI and T * (transition temperature from Fermi liquid metal to incoherent metal) increase, and the slope of A value (Fermi-liquid transport coefficient) decreases with the increasing Bi content due to an increase in chemical pressure in the lattice. Among the samples, Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9+I' has the highest dimensionless figure of merit of 0.091 at 300 K. This value represents an improvement of about 135 % compared to the undoped Ca3Co4O9+I' . Magnetic measurements indicate that all the samples exhibit a low-spin state of cobalt ion. The ferrimagnetic transition temperature is suppressed by the Bi dopant. These results suggest that Bi is an effective doping element for improving the thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9+I' .
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MoS sub(2)/a-C composite films with various (Mo+S)/C ratios were deposited by medium frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The effects of MoS sub(2) doping on the microstructure, mechanical and ...vacuum tribological properties of the films were investigated. Results show that the sp super(2) carbon content in the film increases with increasing (Mo+S)/C ratio from 0 to 0.19, and MoS sub(2) nanocrystallines are formed in film as (Mo+S)/C ratio increased to 0.07. Consequently, the composite film exhibits decreasing hardness (from 5.2 to 2.5 GPa) and elastic modulus (from 116 to 24 GPa). As the (Mo+S)/C ratio increases fromO to 0.19, the friction coefficient of the films decreases from 0.18 to 0.008 and sliding time increases from 3 s to more than 3600 s in vacuum. This is mainly attributed to that the films with higher (Mo+S)/C ratios (at least 0.12) are inclined to form the lamellar MoS sub(2) with low shear strength on the counterface. Furthermore, the composite film with (Mo+S)/C ratio of 0.12 has been investigated in various test environments (air, N sub(2), vacuum). The average friction coefficient is lower than 0.035 and it exhibits little sensitivity to the test environment. However, the highest and lowest wear rate (about 4 x 10 super(-7) mm super(3) Nm super(-1) and 0.8 x 10 super(-7) mm super(3) Nm super(-1)) are obtained in vacuum and N sub(2), respectively. The environment dependence of the tribological behaviours is related with the lattice orientation of MoS sub(2) crystalline and the graphitization degree of the film.
Chemically doped graphene with three‐dimensional bicontinuous nanoporosity is developed for rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries. N and S doping, together with a large accessible surface area and open pore ...channels of the nanoporous graphene significantly enhance the cathodic reaction kinetics of Li‐O2 batteries for an ultrahigh rechargeable capacity of 10 400 mAh g−1 and a long cycling lifetime.
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This unique international legal and cross-disciplinary edited volume contains analysis of the legal impact of doping regulation by eminent and well known experts in the legal fields of sports doping ...regulation and diverse legal fields which are intrinsically important areas for consideration in the sports doping landscape. These are thoughtful extended reflections by experts on theory and policy and how they interact with law in the context of doping in sport. It is the first book to examine the topical and contentious area of sports doping from a variety of different but very relevant legal perspectives which impact the stakeholders in sport at both professional and grass roots levels. The World Anti-Doping Code contains an unusual mix of public and private regulation which is of more general interest and fully explored in this work. Each of the 14 chapters addresses doping regulation from a legal perspective such as tort, corporate governance, employment law, human rights law, or a scientific area. Legal areas are generally considered from an international and not national perspective. Issues including fairness, logic and the likelihood of compliance are explored. It is vital reading for anyone interested in the law, regulation and governance of sport.
The issue of doping has been the most widely discussed problem in sports ethics and is one of the most prominent issues across sports studies, the sports sciences and their constituent disciplines. ...This book adds uniquely to that catalogue of discourses by focusing on extant anti-doping policy and doping practices from a range of multi-disciplinary perspectives (specifically ethical, legal, and social scientific).
With contributions from a world-class team of scholars and legal practitioners from the UK, Europe and North America, the book explores key contemporary issues such as:
sports medicine
international doping policy
the whereabouts system
the criminalization of doping
privacy rights, gene doping and ethics
imperfection in doping test procedures
steroid use in the general population.
Doping and Anti-Doping Policy in Sport offers an important critique of contemporary anti-doping policy and is essential reading for any advanced student, researcher or policy maker with an interest in this vital issue.
Molecular doping is a crucial tool for controlling the charge-carrier concentration in organic semiconductors. Each dopant molecule is commonly thought to give rise to only one polaron, leading to a ...maximum of one donor:acceptor charge-transfer complex and hence an ionization efficiency of 100%. However, this theoretical limit is rarely achieved because of incomplete charge transfer and the presence of unreacted dopant. Here, we establish that common p-dopants can in fact accept two electrons per molecule from conjugated polymers with a low ionization energy. Each dopant molecule participates in two charge-transfer events, leading to the formation of dopant dianions and an ionization efficiency of up to 200%. Furthermore, we show that the resulting integer charge-transfer complex can dissociate with an efficiency of up to 170%. The concept of double doping introduced here may allow the dopant fraction required to optimize charge conduction to be halved.
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