This article deals with an unknown reality, but practiced in some Castilian hospitals, which was to give marital dowries to their maids. The articles’problem is to determine why the dowries for work ...appeared and why the founders of hospitals did not create dowries for their workers and preferred to give dowries to orphaned and poor women in the different brotherhoods created for this purpose. In Seville, one of the first hospitals on record that gave dowries to its workers was the San Hermenegildo hospital and soon followed the Cinco Llagas hospital, both hospitals shared two of their patrons. Of the patronages created in these hospitals for pious works, only one in each of them was created to provide dowries to the maids who worked in such hospitals. The other patronages left it at the will of its authorities. Finally, it is proposed to know the differences and functions performed by the young women who worked to obtain the dowries and the process to obtain it within these emblematic Andalusian hospitals during the Old Regime
Este articulo trata de una realidad desconocida, pero practicada en algunos hospitales castellanos, que fue la entrega de dotes matrimoniales a sus criadas. El problema que plantea el artículo es determinar por qué aparecieron las dotes por trabajo y por qué los fundadores de hospitales no crearon dotes para sus trabajadoras y preferían entregar dotes a mujeres huérfanas y pobres en las distintas cofradías creadas para tal fin. En Sevilla, uno de los primeros hospitales que se tiene constancia que entregó dotes a sus trabajadoras fue el hospital de San Hermenegildo y pronto le siguió el hospital de las Cinco Llagas, ambos hospitales compartían dos de sus patronos. De los patronatos creados en estos hospitales para obras pías, solo uno en cada uno de ellos fue creado para dotar a las criadas que trabajaban en tales hospitales. Los otros patronatos lo dejaron a voluntad de sus autoridades. Finalmente se propone conocer las diferencias y funciones que cumplieron las jóvenes que trabajaron para obtener las dotes y el proceso para conseguirlo dentro de estos emblemáticos hospitales andaluces durante el Antiguo Régimen.
El matrimonio tradicional o consuetudinario forma parte de los elementos esenciales de la cultura africana desde muchos siglos. Este matrimonio resulta de una tradición ancestral, cuya dote desempeña ...un papel importantísimo. La dote es una muy antigua práctica africana que existía y sigue existiendo hoy en día en algunas sociedades africanas. Representa un signo de unión, de acercamiento de dos familias. El análisis del trabajo presenta las influencias materiales y financieras que sufren el matrimonio tradicional fang a través la dramaturgía de Pancracio Esono Mitogo Obono Nfeme en El hombre y la costumbre (1991). En casa del pueblo fang de Guinea Ecuatorial, la dote valida y confirma el casamiento tradicional. No se puede hablar de casamiento sin dote. Antiguamente basada sobre elementos simbólicos, cada vez más, la dote está influida en la potencia del dinero. De hecho, de una parte, el dramaturgo Pancracio Esono pone de realce a la mujer honrada por el novio amoroso. De otra parte, critica a los suegros que exigen muchos dinero por la dote
La lógica de los sistemas de protección en la vejez se basa en el modelo (cada vez menos vigente) de las carreras laborales continuas y en la idea del reparto de trabajo de las familias ...tradicionales. En este modelo la mujer no trabajaba fuera de casa y se dedicaba al cuidado, de modo que el hombre podía así dedicarse de forma exclusiva al trabajo remunerado, sin acusar lagunas de cotización. La consecuencia de esta diferenciación es que hoy las mujeres disfrutan de una protección mucho menor en la vejez. La mayoría de las pensiones que cobran las mujeres mayores son de derecho derivado (pensión de viudedad) y cuando cobran pensiones por derecho propio (contributivas) éstas son de menor cuantía que las de sus coetáneos varones. Entre quienes no han cotizado lo suficiente (pensión no contributiva) predominan también las mujeres. En este desigual acceso a la protección basado en la cotización influyen muchos factores, como sueldos más bajos durante la vida laboral, techos de cristal y por supuesto, el denominado sticky floor, pero no son los únicos motivos. Las mujeres que hoy tienen más de 65 años se enfrentaron a enormes obstáculos para acceder al mercado laboral cuando eran solteras y para continuar trabajando una vez se casaban. Este artículo analiza la génesis de esta desigualdad en la vejez a partir de una revisión pormenorizada de las políticas de protección social que animaban a la mujer casada a dejar el mercado laboral. También se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad a 28 mujeres nacidas entre 1921 y 1951 con el objetivo de analizar sus experiencias laborales. Los resultados permiten comprender las bases históricas de la desigualdad que las mujeres mayores sufren hoy día, así como las dificultades que han tenido para generar derecho de protección propio. En primer lugar, la revisión de las políticas señala una discriminación normativa en el acceso de la mujer al mercado laboral asociada al estado civil, que será clave en la menor cotización y vida laboral de las mujeres. En segundo lugar, el análisis cualitativo nos permite una nueva dimensión comprensiva al indagar en otras normas y prácticas no escritas, como la prohibición familiar para trabajar siendo solteras, la dificultad que las mujeres encontraron para permanecer en el mercado laboral una vez casadas o incluso su imposibilidad (figura de la “dote por razón de matrimonio”), así como la presión y el menosprecio social que sufrían cuando seguían trabajando.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo discenir los mecanismos de trasmisión del patrimonio de la aristocracia curial portuguesa al final de la Edad Media, intentando articularlos con la capacidad de ...reproducción social del grupo. Para ello, se propone el uso de dos categorías distintas. Por un lado, la sucesión, aplicada a un conjunto de bienes indivisibles; por otro lado, la herencia, sobre la cual se imponía un reparto igualitario entre los herederos. Aunque distintas, las categorías son complementarias, y su articulación es esencial para comprender la reprodución social de la aristocracia. La sucesión engloba progresivamente las principales bases señoriales del poder de la aristocracia, mientras que la herencia permite alimentar un conjunto de relaciones determinantes para el grupo, designadamente la “espiritualización” de parte de la fortuna, e la negociación de alianzas matrimoniales a través de la formación de dotes que reiteraban los lazos sociales. Las dos categorias encarnan funciones essenciales para que el grupo construya su cohesión e asegure el mantenimiento de su perfil simultáneamente señorial y curial.
pt Este artigo tem como objetivo discernir os mecanismos de transmissão do património da aristocracia curial portuguesa no final da Idade Média, procurando articulá-los com a capacidade de reprodução social do grupo. Para tal, propõe-se a utilização de duas categorias distintas. Por um lado, a sucessão, aplicada ao conjunto de bens indivisíveis; por outro lado, a herança, sobre a qual se impunha uma repartição igualitária entre os herdeiros. Embora distintas, as categorias são complementares, e a sua articulação é essencial para compreender a reprodução social da aristocracia. A sucessão engloba progressivamente as principais bases senhoriais do poder da aristocracia, enquanto a herança permite alimentar um conjunto de relações determinantes para o grupo, designadamente a «espiritualização» de parte da fortuna, e a negociação de alianças matrimoniais através da formação de dotes que reiteravam os laços sociais. Ambas as categorias encarnam funções essenciais para o grupo construir a sua coesão e assegurar a manutenção do seu perfil simultaneamente senhorial e curial.
El Colegio de Santa Cruz para Niñas Expósitas fue una institución creada por voluntad testamentaria de los esposos Mateo Pastor de Velasco y Francisca Vélez en 1655. Este proyecto fue gestado en la ...época de mayor efervescencia religiosa limeña en la primera mitad del siglo xvii y respondía a una necesidad que a todas luces ambos esposos conocían que era proteger, por medio de dotes, a las niñas huérfanas que acogía la Casa de Atocha. En tal contexto, la hipótesis que aquí se plantea consiste en que la dote fue una práctica europea, llevada a las Indias, que caló en la sociedad limeña, al punto que nosolo la élite la adoptó, sino también los pobres y los expósitos. De tal manera, mediante las dotes, el Colegio de Santa Cruz trató de trasferir el cuidado de las huérfanas de ascendencia española a otras instituciones paternalistas, como eran la familia y el convento.
Historiography has shown that, in the rural world of Castile during the Modern Age, the constitution of a new family entailed multiple connotations. This article analyses the structure of the estates ...on the basis of the dowry payment letters of two families from Almagro in the early 7th century. The aim is to observe whether, through these marriage contracts, the bride and groom and their families projected a desire for social and economic advancement, or, on the contrary, they only constituted the basic goods for the beginning of a new family group.
La historiografía ha demostrado que en el mundo rural castellano durante la Edad Moderna la constitución de una nueva familia conlleva aparejadas múltiples connotaciones. La presente contribución analiza la estructura de las haciendas a partir de las cartas de dote de dos familias almagreñas en los inicios del Seiscientos. El objetivo es observar si, a través de dichos contratos nupciales, los contrayentes y sus familias proyectaron un deseo de ascenso social y económico o, por el contrario, sólo constituían los bienes básicos para el inicio de un nuevo grupo familiar.
The noble families protected the female surplus from their lineages, destining to this end testamentary wills, some of which were kept per centuries. Nevertheless not only they tried to protect to ...their own lineage, but to elite women which families had fallen down in misfortune. They tried to protect the lineage of the people they loved as maids and slaves. In the Sevillian capital, the hospitals of the Mercy, of Five Sores and of San Hermenegildo were managers of these wills and in this article discover how administrated those effective and consanguineous dowries.
Despite the unfavorable conditions imposed in the Castile Peace Treaty, King Charles II of Navarra, restless fighter, continues the narrow path of negotiations allowed by the clauses in the Treaty of ...Briones. The documentation kept in the General Archive of Navarre enables us to follow the various and arduous negotiations —initiated in 1384 and ended in 1386 in Pamplona— among the Navarre and Breton ambassadors up to the final agreement. By the middle of the year, the final clauses of the alliance of the wedding of Juana and Duke of Brittany John IV were signed. Duke John IV had been left a widower by two English princesses and, to that moment, had no heirs. Truly a triumph of the King of Navarra who attains the union and the consequential support of one of the most wayward vassals of the French kingdom.
At one tertiary, academic medical center, two general medicine units averaged 94% and 97% occupancy causing strain on patient throughput. This project was implemented at these two comparable general ...medicine units, totaling 64 beds. On each of these units, Pareto analyses on causal factors related to discharge order to exit time (DOTE) were performed. DOTE was defined as the period in minutes from when a provider orders a discharge to when the patient actually exits a room. Prime DOTE reduction opportunities were elicited that highlighted the need to address coordination of hospital discharge transportation; that is, arriving family members averaged 120 and 129 min for the two units, and medicars and ambulances averaged 122 and 156 min, which fell above the established 90-min overall strategic DOTE goal. Coordinating efficient discharges decreases the likelihood of hospital bottlenecking and improves patient satisfaction.
The health care team is composed of physician and provider services, nursing, and case management, as well as the patient and family. Team-focused interventions aimed at reducing DOTE included leveraging interdisciplinary communication technology and messaging for efficiency and accuracy within the health care team and proactive scheduling of hospital discharge transportation arrival. Process objectives measured included percentage of the health care team educated and utilization of the discharge suite. Outcome objectives measured included median DOTE times, patient satisfaction, and emergency department boarding volume and times. Significantly, admissions for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases were also rapidly increasing early on during program implementation resulting in one of the two general medicine units to be designated for COVID-19 overflow.
Using Lean methodology, the project design was formed based on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's work on improving hospital-wide patient flow and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ) IDEAL patient discharge framework to better achieve the well-known, triple aim. In response to COVID-19 demands, the Plan-Do-Study-Act process was warranted to be able to manage acute changes, using iterative processing.
This program evaluation study assessed whether a communication training program that taught an interdisciplinary team of case managers, nurses, physicians, and related staff how to reduce DOTE was useful. The program had a material impact on the DOTE metric knowing that the hospital's ultimate strategic goal is to reduce DOTE to 90 min or less. A reduction in discharge time was documented when using weekly data from the hospital's discharge dashboard powered by the Maestro database. More specifically, nurses fully trained in the interdisciplinary communications program aimed to reduce DOTE had significantly lower DOTE outcomes on their discharges compared with untrained staff (i.e., average untrained = 127 min, average trained = 93 min). In addition, the fully trained nurses had 14% more of their discharges fall at or below the 90-min goal compared with untrained staff (i.e., untrained = 40%, trained = 54%). Supplemental research also suggested that the content of the communication training program was very relevant (e.g., empowering families to pick up the patients and using scheduling vs. will-call transportation strategies with patients lowered the DOTE metric). Corollary analyses showed that readmissions were also lowered, and patient satisfaction ratings increased. In addition, the interdisciplinary communications training program can benefit from being updated to include content on how COVID-19 issues adversely impact discharge times since significant relationships between various COVID-19 measures and higher discharge exit times were documented.
Background: Drugs constitute a major part of the therapeutic modality for most of the patients. Accurate and authentic drug information is important for its safe and effective marketing. Drug package ...insert (PI) is the primary source of such information. They serve very important role in minimizing the medication errors. PIs need to be updated regularly, but despite regulations, studies have shown that Indian PIs provide inadequate information. Aims and Objectives: To check the completeness of information provided in package inserts of allopathic drugs. Material and Methods: This observational study was carried out for a period of 3months in the department of pharmacology, GMC Srinagar. 139 PIs were collected from local pharmacies and drug store of tertiary care hospital of Government Medical College, Srinagar.17 duplicate package inserts were excluded. The remaining PIs (122) were evaluated according to section 6.2, 6.3 of schedule D (II), Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and Rules (1945).Data was entered in Microsoft Excel Sheet and then analyzed. Results: Among 122 PIs evaluated maximum package inserts were of antibiotics (15%) and anti-diabetics (15%) followed by CNS drugs (14%). Considering the dosage forms 60% inserts wereoral preparations followed by intravenous injections 17%. Regarding the various components of Section 6.2 of Schedule D (II), Drug and Cosmetic Act, posology and method of administration was present in 100% inserts, special precautions and warnings were present in 97%, side effects in 96%, contraindication in 94%. With regards the components of Section 6.3, excipients were mentioned in 78% inserts, incompatibility in 49% inserts, shelf life in the product package for sale was present in 28%, shelf life after dilution in 30%. Conclusion: Our study concluded that only a few inserts contained all the headings of Section 6.2 and 6.3 of Drug and Cosmetic Act (1945). Completeness of information has improved a lot as compared to past, still a lot needs to be done so that patients can derive maximum benefit from them. This demands strict scrutiny of inserts by regulatory authorities.
