In this review, recent advances in the methods of pre-treatment of plant material for the extraction of secondary metabolites with high biological activity are presented. The correct preparation of ...the material for extraction is as important as the selection of the extraction method. This step should prevent the degradation of bioactive compounds as well as the development of fungi and bacteria. Currently, the methods of preparation are expected to modify the particles of the plant material in such a way that will contribute to the release of bioactive compounds loosely bonded to cell wall polymers. This review presents a wide range of methods of preparing plant material, including drying, freeze-drying, convection drying, microwave vacuum drying, enzymatic processes, and fermentation. The influence of the particular methods on the structure of plant material particles, the level of preserved bioactive compounds, and the possibility of their release during the extraction were highlighted. The plant material pre-treatment techniques used were discussed with respect to the amount of compounds released during extraction as well their application in various industries interested in products with a high content of biologically active compounds, such as the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The conventional drying technologies presently used in the food industry are hot-air based systems that are normally considered as an energy intensive processes with higher green-house gas emissions ...accounting approximately 15% of the overall manufacturing expenses. The most common drying processes used for the preservation of the food materials are conventional thermal drying, which proved to be a high energy consuming process. With the world progressing towards the application of green technology and sustainable methods, the use of alternative energy efficient drying systems are of paramount importance.
This paper extensively reviewed the energy efficiency and techno-economic performances of a number of non-conventional drying technologies that are currently used in the food industry for drying of the food materials. The reviewed drying technologies include: hybrid systems, heat pumps, super – heated steam, vacuum, microwave, refractance window®, electrotechnologies, ohmic, adsorption mediated and impingement.
It was found that the hybrid drying systems with the solar drying input and refractance window® drying were among the most promising energy efficient drying methods that could be potentially used for drying of the food materials in industrial processes.
•Drying technologies are very important unit operations for removing moisture content of food materials.•They facilitate long-term storage, prevention from microbial contamination and other detrimental chemical reactions.•Most of the drying methods are highly energy intensive and use fossil fuels as energy sources.•This paper reports that the most promising energy efficient technologies are hybrid and pump drying systems.•The new generation of the drying technologies should demonstrate improved dry product quality and sustainability.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The effect of three different drying methods (hot-air, combined hot-air-microwave, and vacuum-freeze) on the sensorial, textural, nutritional, and other quality characteristics of persimmon chips was ...compared. The result showed that the freeze-dried chips had the best nutritional and quality features. However, persimmon chips processed by combined hot-air-microwave and freeze-techniques had the same sensory score (85.40 points), which were higher than that of hot-air dried samples (70.51 points). Additionally, persimmon chips dried with aid of hot-air technique had the lowest chewability value and hardly met the panelists' requirements. These disadvantages could be avoided by using a combined hot-air-microwave drying method with lower power consumption compared with the others. The optimized combining microwave and hot-air drying conditions were as follows: 1 mm thickness of persimmon slice, a temperature of 70 °C at an air velocity of 1.0 m/s of initial hot-air drying system until the moisture content of persimmon samples reached 10% (about 150–160 min) and 10.7 Wg−1 of the following microwave-drying system. It was concluded that the combined hot-air-microwave drying technique could be used for processing persimmon chips with high quality and nutritional values as well as low operating costs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Medium and short-wave infrared drying (MSWID) is a new drying technology, widely used for drying agricultural products, such as fruits, vegetables, and edible fungi. MSWID is superior to conventional ...drying technologies due to its high energy efficiency, uniform heating, and high product quality. This method can be combined with other drying techniques to improve the penetration degree, drying rate, and product quality, including vacuum freeze-drying, differential pressure flash, air impingement, and microwave vacuum drying. This review comprehensively investigates and discusses the principles, characteristics, and applications of MSWID with/without other techniques for agricultural products. The effects of three parameters (drying temperature, radiation power, and distance) on the drying kinetics and product quality are discussed in detail. The combination of MSWID with other drying methods is also summarized, providing new insights into MSWID applications.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The smell of food is one of the most important factors in assessing its quality. In this study, the influence of drying method on aroma/volatile compounds of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus ...Jacq.) was evaluated. The drying methods tested were convective drying (CD), freeze-drying (FD), vacuum microwave drying (VMD), and a combination of convective predrying and VM finish drying (CPD-VMFD). The volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best fitting model to describe the drying kinetics of the oyster mushroom was Henderson and Pabis model. Thirty-four volatiles in fresh oyster mushrooms were identified, with 3-octanone (2,890 µg/100 g dry basis) and 3-octanol (991 µg/100 g) being the major components. The total concentration of volatiles of fresh mushroom (4,506 µg/100 g) was drastically reduced by all drying treatments, although the highest contents were found after: (i) CPD (50°C)-VMFD (480 W) (245 µg/100 g) and (ii) VMD at 480 W (143 µg/100 g). According to the sensory data, the products dried using the treatment CPD (50°C)-VMFD (480 W) were those closer to the fresh mushrooms.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Solid-state fermented Omar's was dried using microwave vacuum drying (MVD) and infrared freeze-drying (IFD). Hot air drying (AD) and traditional vacuum freeze-drying (FD) were used as controls. The ...effects of different drying methods on the drying kinetics, physicochemical properties (such as water retention capacity, oil retention capacity, swelling capacity, solubility, color), bioactive compounds (total phenols, soybean isoflavones, antioxidant activity) and flavor of solid-state fermented okara were studied. The results show that compared with AD, MVD required 86.2% less drying time and 62.2% lower energy while the fermented okara powder produced by MVD had better physicochemical properties and higher content of bioactive compounds. In terms of physicochemical and functional properties, IFD was close to FD, but it reduced drying time by 13.9% and energy consumption by 29.4%. As for flavor, MVD and IFD products were closer to fresh solid-state fermented okara.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Drying is a widespread concept in the food industry, typically employed to convert a surplus crop into a shelf-stable commodity. With advancement of technology, however, there is interest in moving ...forward from the traditional convective air drying that is most widely used today for grains, both to improve product quality as well as to modernize processes in order to increase throughput and decrease energy costs. In this context, novel techniques for drying and, more recently, microwave-based dehydration techniques have been poised to make an impact commercially. Until now, however, many of these techniques have largely remained in the experimental realm. This article will review recent progress made in microwave-based drying, both benefits and drawbacks, and highlight several technologies with high industrial applicability.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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