Objective
This study aimed to investigate the clinical presentation of binge‐eating disorder (BED) in a Japanese sample and to examine the relationship between subtypes of BED differing in onset ...patterns and those differing in prior history of another eating disorder (ED).
Methods
The study participants were 137 adults who met the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) criteria for BED. We subtyped participants based on prior history of another ED: 55 (40.1%) participants with a history of another ED (BED ED+) and 82 participants without such a history (BED ED–).
Results
Unlike in some Western studies, approximately three quarters of participants had a body mass index of <25 kg/m2. None of the participants reported a history of another ED with purging or excessive exercise. All BED ED+ participants transitioned to BED from anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN‐R) or from atypical AN‐R. BED ED+ participants reported more severe psychopathology than BED ED‐participants. Only 20% had a treatment history for BED. Dieting preceded their first binge eating in 55 participants (DIET‐first BED), and binge eating preceded their first dieting in 82 participants (BINGE‐first BED). Regarding the relationship between the two different subtypes, all DIET‐first BED participants were in the BED ED+ group, whereas all BINGE‐first BED participants were in the BED ED‐group.
Discussion
Present findings revealed the clinical presentation of BED in a Japan‐based study and suggested that subtypes of BED differing in the prior history of another ED yielded an accurate prediction of onset patterns (dieting first vs. binge eating first).
Public Significance
This study highlights the need for clinicians to consider subtype differences in onset patterns and clinical features of BED to treat and prevent this disorder. This study revealed that, although individuals with BED in Japan have severe symptoms and a long duration of illness, only 20% have received BED treatment. The results indicate a need to disseminate knowledge about BED to the Japanese public and healthcare providers.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Our current understanding of the etiology and maintenance of eating disorders and obesity continues to be far from complete. Similarly, our understanding of determinants of both successful and ...unsuccessful weight loss surgery is also quite limited. While a number of research methodologies have been applied to these areas, one methodology that has recently seen a rise in popularity is the use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). EMA allows one to study a variety of variables of interest in the natural environment. The study of eating disorders, obesity, and bariatric surgery has all been conducted using EMA recently. The current study is a review of these areas and summarizes the recent literature (past 3 years) in eating disorders, obesity, and bariatric surgery using EMA methodology.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
33.
Medical management of eating disorders: an update Voderholzer, Ulrich; Haas, Verena; Correll, Christoph U ...
Current opinion in psychiatry,
2020-November, 2020-11-00, 20201101, Volume:
33, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
PURPOSE OF REVIEWEating disorders are associated with numerous medical complications. The aim of this study was to review recent progress in improving the medical management of patients with eating ...disorders.
RECENT FINDINGSWith close medical monitoring and electrolyte supplementation, accelerated refeeding protocols improve weight restoration without increasing the risk of refeeding syndrome. Olanzapine improves weight restoration better than placebo, without leading to adverse metabolic effects seen in individuals not in starvation. Alterations of the gut microbiome in anorexia nervosa have been demonstrated, but their clinical relevance remains unclear.
SUMMARYMedical complications of eating disorders may facilitate the first contact with health professionals and treatment initiation. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa generally occur due to starvation, malnutrition and their associated physiological effects, whereas medical complications of bulimia nervosa are generally due to purging behaviors. Most medical complications in patients with binge eating disorder are secondary to obesity. Most medical complications of eating disorders can be effectively treated with nutritional management, weight normalization and the termination of purging behaviors. In summary, eating disorders are associated with many medical complications that have to be carefully assessed and managed as early as possible to improve long-term outcomes.
The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of, and attitudes toward, vegetarianism and veganism. We also assessed the association between vegetarianism/veganism and eating disorder, ...depressive, and somatic symptoms. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey in adults in Germany that was representative in terms of age, gender, and educational level was carried out. Data from 2449 adults (53.5% females) were included. Mean age was 49.6 (SD 17.1) years. A total of 5.4% of participants reported following a vegetarian or vegan diet. While the majority of participants agreed that vegetarian diets are healthy and harmless (56.1%), only 34.8% believed this to be true of vegan diets. The majority of participants also believed that a vegetarian (58.7%) or vegan (74.7%) diet can lead to nutritional deficiency. Female gender, younger age, higher education, lower body mass index (BMI), and higher depressive and eating disorder symptoms were found to be associated with vegetarianism/veganism. We did not find increased physical complaints in the group of vegetarians/vegans. Our results point toward a moderate prevalence of vegetarianism/veganism among the general population. Our findings suggest that health care professionals should keep eating disorder pathology, affective status in mind when dealing with individuals who choose a vegetarian/vegan dietary pattern.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective
Research investigating the effects of COVID‐19 on eating disorders is growing rapidly. A comprehensive evaluation of this literature is needed to identify key findings and evidence gaps to ...better inform policy decisions related to the management of eating disorders during and after this crisis. We conducted a systematic scoping review synthesizing and appraising this literature.
Method
Empirical research on COVID‐19 impacts on eating disorder severity, prevalence, and demand for treatment was searched. No sample restrictions were applied. Findings (n = 70 studies) were synthesized across six themes: (a) suspected eating disorder cases during COVID‐19; (b) perceived pandemic impacts on symptoms; (c) symptom severity pre versus during the pandemic; (d) pandemic‐related correlates of symptom severity; (e) impacts on carers/parents; and (f) treatment experiences during COVID‐19.
Results
Pandemic impacts on rates of probable eating disorders, symptom deterioration, and general mental health varied substantially. Symptom escalation and mental health worsening during―and due to―the pandemic were commonly reported, and those most susceptible included confirmed eating disorder cases, at‐risk populations (young women, athletes, parent/carers), and individuals highly anxious or fearful of COVID‐19. Evidence emerged for increased demand for specialist eating disorder services during the pandemic. The forced transition to online treatment was challenging for many, yet telehealth alternatives seemed feasible and effective.
Discussion
Evidence for COVID‐19 effects is mostly limited to participant self‐report or retrospective recall, cross‐sectional and descriptive studies, and samples of convenience. Several novel pathways for future research that aim to better understand, monitor, and support those negatively affected by the pandemic are formulated.
Resumen
Objetivo
La investigación que se hace sobre los efectos de COVID‐19 en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria está creciendo rápidamente. Se necesita una evaluación exhaustiva de esta literatura para identificar los hallazgos clave y evidenciar las brechas para informar mejor las decisiones de políticas públicas relacionadas con el manejo de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante y después de esta crisis. Se realizó una revisión sistemática del alcance que sintetizó y valoró esta literatura.
Método
Se buscó investigación empírica sobre los impactos de COVID‐19 en la gravedad, prevalencia y demanda de tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. No se aplicaron restricciones a la muestra. Los hallazgos (n = 70 estudios) se sintetizaron en seis temas: (1) casos sospechosos de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante COVID‐19; (2) impacto percibido en los síntomas; (3) gravedad de los síntomas antes versus durante la pandemia; (4) correlatos relacionados con la pandemia de la gravedad de los síntomas; (5) impactos en los cuidadores/padres; (6) experiencias de tratamiento durante COVID‐19.
Resultados
El impacto de la pandemia en las tasas de probables trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, deterioro de los síntomas y salud mental en general variaron sustancialmente. La escala de síntomas y el empeoramiento de la salud mental durante y debido a la pandemia fueron reportados comúnmente, y los más susceptibles incluyeron casos confirmados de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, poblaciones en riesgo (mujeres jóvenes, atletas, padres / cuidadores) e individuos con altos niveles de ansiedad o con miedo de COVID‐19. Surgió alguna evidencia de una mayor demanda de servicios especializados en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria durante la pandemia. La transición forzada al tratamiento en línea fue un desafío para muchos, sin embargo, las alternativas de telesalud parecían factibles y efectivas. Conclusiones. La evidencia de los efectos de COVID‐19 se limita principalmente al autoinforme de los participantes o al recuerdo retrospectivo, los estudios transversales y descriptivos, y las muestras de conveniencia. Se formulan varias vías novedosas para futuras investigaciones que tienen como objetivo comprender, monitorear y apoyar mejor a aquellos que fueron afectados negativamente por la pandemia.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective
This study investigated whether mental health providers have different diagnostic impressions and treatment recommendations for patients with restrictive eating disorders, depending on the ...patient's body weight.
Method
Participants were given one of three versions of a vignette depicting a patient who meets DSM‐5 criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical AN with the patient's weight described as either below, within, or above the average range for her age and height. Participants were then asked to respond to a series of questions about diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment recommendations. Results were compared between the three weight conditions with the goal of better understanding how a patient's body weight may influence different aspects of participants' clinical impressions.
Results
Participants given the low weight version of the vignette were more likely to identify the presenting problem as an eating disorder and to agree that the patient experienced dietary restriction and weight loss, weight gain avoidance, and body image concerns. Participants given the low weight description were also more likely to recommend specialized eating disorder treatment and medical follow‐up.
Discussion
Findings suggest that mental health providers were generally more responsive to restrictive eating disorder symptoms when the patient was at a lower body weight. These results are concerning because they suggest patients with atypical AN may be less likely to receive an accurate diagnosis or adequate treatment compared to underweight patients with AN, despite experiencing the same symptoms.
Public Significance
Restrictive eating disorders like AN and atypical AN can cause comparable physical and psychological symptoms in people of any body weight. Despite having the same symptoms, people with a higher body weight are less likely to receive a diagnosis or treatment. This study compared mental health providers' reactions to a description of a patient with an eating disorder at different body weights and found differences in diagnosis, detection of symptoms, and treatment recommendations.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•We tested online imaginal exposure therapy (N=229) for eating disorders (ED).•We found significant decreases in ED symptoms and fears.•Decreases in ED symptoms and fears persisted six-months after ...treatment.
Few evidence-based treatments for eating disorders (EDs) exist. Imaginal exposure therapy is a key component of effective treatment for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, imaginal exposure has not been systematically tested as a treatment for EDs. The current study aimed to develop and test online imaginal exposure as a treatment for EDs.
The current study tested a four-week trial of online imaginal exposure for EDs (N = 229 participants with EDs recruited globally). Participants completed diagnostic interviews and four sessions of weekly online imaginal exposure, in which they wrote about and imagined a core ED fear (identified with a therapist). Participants completed measures of ED symptoms and fears (i.e., fear of weight gain, food) at pre-imaginal exposure, post-imaginal exposure, and six-month follow-up. Participants were recruited and participated in the protocol from November 2016 to October 2018.
All primary outcomes (ED symptoms, ED fears) significantly decreased at study completion and six-month follow-up with medium-to-large effect sizes. State anxiety across the exposure and follow-ups significantly decreased, specifically from initial sessions to follow-up. Worry, but not depression, significantly decreased.
This study was an open case trial and did not include a control condition.
Significant decreases in ED symptoms and fears occurred during the course of imaginal exposure treatment. Online imaginal exposure is a feasible treatment for EDs and is associated with decreases in core ED symptomatology, which are comparable in magnitude to decreases seen from other evidence-based treatments. A future randomized-controlled trial is needed.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03712748.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Few data are available to estimate the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) and their correlates in the community. This paper reports data on EDs obtained in the framework of the ESEMeD ...project, aimed at investigating the prevalence of non-psychotic mental disorders in six European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain), using a new version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The ESEMeD study was a general population cross-sectional household survey. In total, 21,425 respondents aged 18 or older provided data for the project between January 2001 and August 2003. A subsample ( N = 4139) underwent a detailed investigation on EDs. Lifetime estimated prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, sub-threshold binge eating disorder, and any binge eating were 0.48%, 0.51%, 1.12%, 0.72%, and 2.15%, respectively, and they were 3–8 times higher among women for all EDs. However, since people under 18 were excluded from this study, our prevalence should be taken as lower-bound estimate of real frequencies. Indeed, cumulative lifetime prevalence analysis showed that the majority of eating disorders had their initial onset between 10 and 20 years of age. Role impairment and comorbidity with other mental disorders were highly common, yet only small proportions of patients with a lifetime diagnosis of EDs requested medical treatment. It still has to be proven whether early diagnostic identification and access to specialized care can reduce the burden caused by these disorders.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
MONTELEONE, A.M., F. Pellegrino, G. Croatto, M. Carfagno, A. Hilbert, J. Treasure, T. Wade, C. Bulik, S. Zipfel, P. Hay, U. Schmidt, G. Castellini, A. Favaro, F. Fernandez-Aranda, J. Il Shin, U. ...Voderholzer, V. Ricca, D. Moretti, D. Busatta, G. Abbate-Daga, F. Ciullini, G. Cascino, F. Monaco, C.U. Correll and M. Solmi. Treatment of Eating Disorders: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2022.- Treatment efficacy for eating disorders (EDs) is modest and guidelines differ. We summarized findings/quality of (network) meta-analyses (N)MA of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in EDs. Systematic meta-review ((N)MA of RCTs, ED, active/inactive control), using (anorexia or bulimia or eating disorder) AND (meta-analy*) in PubMed/PsycINFO/Cochrane database up to December 15th, 2020. Standardized mean difference, odds/risk ratio vs control were summarized at end of treatment and follow-up. Interventions involving family (family-based therapy, FBT) outperformed active control in adults/adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN), and in adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN). In adults with BN, individual cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-ED had the broadest efficacy versus active control; also, antidepressants outperformed active. In mixed age groups with binge-eating disorder (BED), psychotherapy, and lisdexamfetamine outperformed active control. Antidepressants, stimulants outperformed placebo, despite lower acceptability, as did CBT-ED versus waitlist/no treatment. Family-based therapy is effective in AN and BN (adolescents). CBT-ED has the largest efficacy in BN (adults), followed by antidepressants, as well as psychotherapy in BED (mixed). Medications have short-term efficacy in BED (adults).
•Family interventions were the most effective in anorexia nervosa, proving also beneficial in adolescents with bulimia nervosa.•In adults with bulimia nervosa, cognitive behavioural therapy showed the broadest efficacy, followed by antidepressants.•For binge eating disorder, psychotherapy was beneficial, as well as antidepressants and stimulants.•There is urgent need of novel treatments particularly in anorexia nervosa.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective
The main aim was to perform a systematic literature review of studies investigating the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire (EDE‐Q), a widely used measure of ...eating pathology. Secondary aims were to summarize the quality of reporting of latent variable (factor) analyses in these studies and review support for different factor solutions.
Method
Literature was identified through Scopus, Medline, PsycInfo, and ProQuest databases published up to February 23, 2022 and outreach via an international listserv. All studies published in English reporting factor analysis of the EDE‐Q were included with few restrictions. Sixty studies including 63,389 participants met inclusion criteria.
Results
The originally proposed four‐factor solution received little empirical support, although few alternative models have been robustly evaluated. Items assessing shape and weight concerns frequently coalesce in factor solutions, suggesting that these constructs are closely related. Investigations of brief versions of the EDE‐Q have produced more consistent findings, suggesting that these measures, particularly a seven‐item version, might be useful alternatives to the full version. Quality of studies was reasonable, with important methodological elements of factor analysis often reported.
Discussion
The findings are of relevance to practitioners and researchers, suggesting that the “original” factor structure of the EDE‐Q should be reconsidered and that use of a seven‐item version is to be encouraged.
Public Significance
Self‐report questionnaires are widely used in the assessment of disordered eating. The current study found that there is little consensus about the structure of a common measure of eating psychopathology. There is more consistent support for a brief, seven‐item, version assessing dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and overvaluation of weight and shape.
Resumen
Objetivo
El objetivo principal fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura de los estudios que investigan la estructura factorial del Cuestionario de Eating Disorders Examination (EDE‐Q), una medida ampliamente utilizada en la patología alimentaria. Los objetivos secundarios fueron resumir la calidad del informe de los análisis de variables latentes (factores) en estos estudios y revisar el apoyo a diferentes soluciones factoriales.
Método
La literatura se identificó a través de las bases de datos Scopus, Medline, PsycInfo y ProQuest publicadas hasta el 23 de febrero de 2022 y de divulgación a través de un servidor de listas internacional. Todos los estudios publicados en inglés que reportaron el análisis factorial de la EDE‐Q se incluyeron con pocas restricciones. Sesenta estudios con 63,389 participantes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión.
Resultados
La solución de cuatro factores propuesta originalmente recibió poco apoyo empírico, aunque pocos modelos alternativos han sido evaluados sólidamente. Los elementos que evalúan las preocupaciones de peso y figura corporal con frecuencia se unen en soluciones factoriales, lo que sugiere que estos constructos están estrechamente relacionados. Las investigaciones de versiones breves del EDE‐Q han producido conclusiones más consistentes, lo que sugiere que estas mediciones, en particular una versión de siete ítems, podrían ser alternativas útiles a la versión completa. La calidad de los estudios fue razonable, y a menudo se reportaron elementos metodológicos importantes del análisis factorial.
Discusión
Los hallazgos son relevantes para los clínicos e investigadores, lo que sugiere que la estructura factorial “original” del EDE‐Q debe reconsiderarse y que se debe alentar el uso de una versión de siete ítems.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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