An increase in noncommunicable disease (NCD) in India has been attributed to an epidemiologic transition whereby, due to urbanization, there is an increase in traditional cardiovascular disease risk ...factors such as obesity. Accumulated biomarker data on the “Asian Indian phenotype” identify central obesity, which occurs at a lower body mass index (BMI), as a particularly potent risk factor in Asian Indians. A revised WHO case definition for obesity in India BMI (in kg/m2) >25 has identified an obesity epidemic that exceeds 30% in some cities and rivals that in Western nations. This review summarizes 2 key lines of evidence: 1) the emergence of an obesity epidemic in urban and rural India and its contribution to the NCD burden and 2) the role of a “nutrition transition” in decreasing the whole plant food content of diets in India and increasing risk of obesity and NCDs. We then present new epidemiologic evidence from Asian Indians enrolled in the Adventist Health Study 2 that raises the possibility of how specific whole plant foods (eg, nuts) in a vegetarian dietary pattern could potentially prevent obesity and NCDs in a target population of >1 billion persons.
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CMK, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Skipping breakfast is common among children and adolescents. However, there is uncertainty regarding whether breakfast consumption contributes to or protects against overweight or obesity. We aimed ...to review the evidence on the effects of breakfast consumption on body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched in January 2009. We identified 16 studies. All were cross-sectional or cohort trials involving more than 59,000 children/adolescents from Europe. Thirteen studies (n = 57,481) consistently showed that breakfast has a protective effect against becoming overweight or obese. One trial (n = 886) showed that this effect was significant only for boys. The effect of eating breakfast on the body mass index (BMI) was analyzed in 4 studies (n = 2897). All of these studies showed an increase in BMI in breakfast skippers. In one study (n = 1245), this effect was significant only for boys. The results of this analysis suggest that eating breakfast is associated with a reduced risk of becoming overweight or obese and a reduction in the BMI in children and adolescents in Europe. However, almost all of the data in this review were gathered from observational studies, thus, causality should not be assumed based on these findings.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Impulsivity is known to influence food choices. We explored possible differences in its expression between individuals with or without an eco-sustainable diet and its relationship with cognitions and ...behaviours about eco-sustainable foods. Participants were categorised as having or not having an eco-sustainable diet. Impulsivity traits and cognitions and behaviours about sustainable food products were measured. Among the 332 participants, 92.78% showed an eco-sustainable diet, whereas only 7.22% had an eco-sustainable diet. No difference between groups emerged about impulsive traits, whereas significant differences emerged in cognitions and behaviours about sustainable foods, with the only exceptions of subjective norms and past behaviour. Impulsive traits were linked to cognitions and behaviours differently within groups. Impulsivity traits may be related to actions towards eco-sustainable foods, with the perception of their availability playing a crucial role. Increasing contextual opportunities may be fundamental for having eco-sustainable consumers.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed life styles of millions of people worldwide. This study investigated changes in the health, physical activity levels and eating habits of elite athletes during the ...COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Iran.
Three hundred and eighty three 383 (248 female and 135 male) elite athletes (168.82±0.07cm; 63.92±7.42kg; the body mass index (BMI): 22.3±0.78kg/m2) participated in this study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) study tools were used to measure levels of physical activity and mental health status, respectively. The Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) was used to assess food consumption related to emotion. Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis test were used in data analysis.
Levels of depression and stress were mild and moderate, while levels of anxiety were severe and very severe in most elite athletes. There were levels of low emotional eating by elite athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical activity levels were negatively correlated with psychological mood measures (P≤0.05), while there were positive correlations between emotional eating behaviours and psychological mood measures (moderate correlation; P≤0.01) and light physical activity levels (weak correlation; P≤0.05).
This study provides the first preliminary evidence showing that the COVID-19 lockdown conditions negatively influenced the eating habits and levels of physical activity and mental health in elite athletes. Regular high intensity physical activity as health strategy in elite athletes and the general population remains a strategy to improve overall health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, these findings suggest the need to devise strategies to improve the life styles of elite athletes during pandemics such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
La pandémie de COVID-19 a changé les modes de vie de millions de personnes dans le monde. Cette étude a examiné certains indicateurs de bonne santé, les niveaux d’activité physique et les habitudes alimentaires d’athlètes Elite iraniens pendant le confinement lié à la pandémie de COVID-19.
Trois cent quatre vingt trois (248 femmes et 135 hommes) athlètes élites (168,82±0,07cm; 63,92±7,42kg; indice de masse corporelle (IMC): 22,3±0,78kg/m2) ont participé à cette étude. Le questionnaire international sur l’activité physique (IPAQ), l’échelle DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales) et les scores de l’auto-questionnaire Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) ont été utilisés pour mesurer les niveaux respectifs d’activité physique et de l’état de santé mentale. L’Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) a été utilisé pour évaluer les altérations de la prise alimentaire liées à l’émotion. Le test d’analyse de corrélation de Pearson et Spearman a été utilisé pour l’analyse des données.
Les niveaux de dépression et de stress étaient légers et modérés, tandis que les niveaux d’anxiété étaient sévères à très sévères chez la plupart des athlètes élites. Il y avait des niveaux de faible alimentation d’origine émotionnelle chez ces athlètes pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Les niveaux d’activité physique étaient corrélés négativement avec les mesures de l’humeur psychologique (p≤0,05), tandis qu’il y avait des corrélations positives entre les comportements alimentaires émotionnels et les mesures de l’humeur psychologique (corrélation modérée; p≤0,01) et les niveaux d’activité physique légère (faible corrélation; p≤0,05).
Cette étude apporte une preuve préliminaire que les conditions de confinement liées au COVID-19 ont influencé négativement les habitudes alimentaires et les niveaux d’activité physique et de santé mentale chez des athlètes élites. L’activité physique régulière à haute intensité aussi bien chez les athlètes élites que pour la population générale reste une stratégie pour améliorer la santé globale pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. De plus, ces résultats suggèrent la nécessité de concevoir des stratégies pour améliorer les styles de vie des athlètes élites lors de pandémies, telles que celle de Covid-19.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
496.
Diet and the environment: does what you eat matter? Marlow, Harold J; Hayes, William K; Soret, Samuel ...
The American journal of clinical nutrition,
05/2009, Volume:
89, Issue:
5S
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
Open access
Food demand influences agricultural production. Modern agricultural practices have resulted in polluted soil, air, and water; eroded soil; dependence on imported oil; and loss of biodiversity. The ...goal of this research was to compare the environmental effect of a vegetarian and nonvegetarian diet in California in terms of agricultural production inputs, including pesticides and fertilizers, water, and energy used to produce commodities. The working assumption was that a greater number and amount of inputs were associated with a greater environmental effect. The literature supported this notion. To accomplish this goal, dietary preferences were quantified with the Adventist Health Study, and California state agricultural data were collected and applied to state commodity production statistics. These data were used to calculate different dietary consumption patterns and indexes to compare the environmental effect associated with dietary preference. Results show that, for the combined differential production of 11 food items for which consumption differs among vegetarians and nonvegetarians, the nonvegetarian diet required 2.9 times more water, 2.5 times more primary energy, 13 times more fertilizer, and 1.4 times more pesticides than did the vegetarian diet. The greatest contribution to the differences came from the consumption of beef in the diet. We found that a nonvegetarian diet exacts a higher cost on the environment relative to a vegetarian diet. From an environmental perspective, what a person chooses to eat makes a difference.
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CMK, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Children with developmental disabilities (DD) exhibit feeding and swallowing difficulties, which can have an impact on nutritional, developmental, and psychological aspects. The existing tools assess ...the nature of feeding problems and behaviors only. The present study aimed to assess the physical, functional, and emotional domains in children with DD with feeding issues using Feeding handicap index for children (FHI-C). For clinical validation, FHI-C was administered on the parents/caregivers of 60 children with cerebral palsy, 61 with autism spectrum disorder, 59 with intellectual disability and 60 typically developing children in the age range of 2 to 10 years. The results revealed that the mean scores (Total FHI-C and FHI-C domain scores) were significantly higher for all three clinical groups than for the control group, which revealed good clinical validity. Also, FHI-C was found to have significantly high test–retest reliability. The study presents a valid and reliable tool for assessing the psychosocial handicapping effects of feeding problems in children with DD. FHI-C provides a holistic picture about the psychosocial impact of feeding problems in children with DD and will assist the clinicians in prioritizing the goals for feeding therapy. The scores obtained can be used as reference for pre and post therapy comparison purposes.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a adesão à alimentação escolar por adolescentes brasileiros considerando determinantes individuais e do contexto escolar. Foram avaliados 10.262 adolescentes de escolas ...públicas da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. Regressão multinível foi utilizada para estimar o efeito de variáveis do contexto individual e do ambiente escolar na ocorrência da baixa adesão à alimentação escolar por adolescentes. A prevalência dessa baixa adesão (consumo da alimentação escolar ≤2dias/semana) foi 64,2% nesse grupo. O modelo explicativo evidenciou menor adesão a essa prática entre adolescentes do sexo feminino (RP=1,09; IC: 1,03-1,14), entre aqueles com 15 anos ou mais de idade (RP=1,08; IC: 1,02-1,14), que tinham consumo regular de refrigerantes (RP=1,09; IC: 1,03-1,15), que não realizavam regularmente almoço e jantar com pais e responsáveis (RP=1,08; IC: 1,02-1,14), e que moravam em domicílios com menos de 4 pessoas (RP=1,07; IC: 1,02-1,13). Em relação ao ambiente escolar, estudar em escolas com mais de 1.000 alunos (RP=1,22; IC: 1,12-1,33) e com presença de cantina (RP=1,15; IC: 1,08-1,22) determinaram a baixa adesão. Os resultados demonstram importante efeito do contexto escolar na determinação do consumo da alimentação escolar por adolescentes.
Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate the acceptance of school food by Brazilian adolescents, taking individual and school context determinants into consideration. A total of 10,262 adolescents in public schools of the 2015 Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE 2015) were assessed. Multilevel regression was used to estimate the effect of variables of the individual context and the school environment on low acceptance of school food by adolescents. The prevalence of low acceptance (consumption of school meals ≤ 2 days/week) was 64.2% in this group. The explanatory model showed less acceptance of this practice among female adolescents (PR=1.09; CI: 1.03-1.14), among those aged 15 years or older (PR=1.08; CI: 1.02-1.14), those who regularly consumed soft drinks (PR=1.09; CI: 1.03-1.15), those who did not regularly have lunch and dinner with parents and guardians (PR=1.08; CI: 1.02-1.14), and those who lived in households with less than 4 people (PR=1.07; CI: 1.02-1.13). Concerning the school environment, studying in schools with more than 1,000 students (PR=1.22; CI: 1.12-1.33) and the presence of a cafeteria (PR=1.15; CI: 1.08-1.22) led to low acceptance. The results revealed the importance of the school context in determining the consumption of school meals by adolescents.
Food insecurity is a daily reality for hundreds of millions of people around the world. Although its most extreme manifestations are often obvious, many other households facing constraints in their ...access to food are less identifiable. Operational agencies lack a method for differentiating households at varying degrees of food insecurity in order to target and evaluate their interventions. This chapter provides an overview of a set of papers associated with a research initiative that seeks to identify more precise, yet simple, measures of household food insecurity. The overview highlights three main conceptual developments associated with practical approaches to measuring constraints in access to food: 1) a shift from using measures of food availability and utilization to measuring "inadequate access"; 2) a shift from a focus on objective to subjective measures; and 3) a growing emphasis on fundamental measurement as opposed to reliance on distal, proxy measures. Further research is needed regarding 1) how well measures of household food insecurity designed for chronically food-insecure contexts capture the processes leading to, and experience of, acute food insecurity, 2) the impact of short-term shocks, such as major floods or earthquake, on household behaviors that determine responses to food security questions, 3) better measurement of the interaction between severity and frequency of household food insecurity behaviors, and 4) the determination of whether an individual's response to survey questions can be representative of the food insecurity experiences of all members of the household.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective: To test the hypothesis that quantitative variation in eating behaviour traits shows a graded association with weight in children. Design: Cross-sectional design in a community setting. ...Subjects: Data were from 406 families participating in the Physical Exercise and Appetite in CHildren Study (PEACHES) or the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Children were aged 7-9 years (PEACHES) and 9-12 years (TEDS). Measurements: Weights and heights were measured by researchers. Body mass index (BMI) s.d. scores were used to categorize participants into underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese groups, with an additional division of the healthy weight group into higher and lower healthy weight at the 50th centile. Eating behaviour traits were assessed with the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), completed by the parents on behalf of their child. Linear trend analyses compared CEBQ subscale scores across the five weight groups. Results: Satiety Responsiveness/Slowness in Eating and Food Fussiness showed a graded negative association with weight, whereas Food Responsiveness, Enjoyment of Food, Emotional Overeating and Desire to Drink were positively associated. All effects were maintained after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, parental education and sample. There was no systematic association with weight for Emotional Undereating. Conclusion: These results support the idea that approach-related and avoidance-related appetitive traits are systematically (and oppositely) related to adiposity, and not exclusively associated with obesity. Early assessment of these traits could be used as indicators of susceptibility to weight gain.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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