•The identification and intensity diagnosis model of land use function conflict is built.•The spatial characteristic of ecological, production and living function land are different.•The conflict ...zone is divided into 8 types, and conflict intensity is divided into 4 stages.•The whole study area is basically at risk of potential land use conflicts.
The rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization has led to the continuous strengthening of multi-functionality of land use. The overlapping, crowding, agglomeration and transformation of various land use functions suggested that there would be fierce competition and conflicts. Based on the widely recognized “ecological-production-living” perspective of sustainable development in the world, we constructed the spatial identification and intensity diagnosis model of potential land use function conflicts (LUFCs), and selected Nan’an City, a typical coastal city in southeast China, as an empirical analysis. On the level of theoretical building, the LUFCs were divided into eight types, the conflict intensity was divided into four stages, and a land use conflict risk index (LUCRI) was constructed to characterize the possibility of potential conflict, which was divided into four ranks. Empirical research showed that the spatial concentration characteristic of ecological function of land use in Nan’an City was not significant and was poor spatial connectivity, while the gradient and band feature of production function was significant and was good spatial connectivity, and living function have formed three core clusters. The controllable conflict zones gathered and formed cold spots in high altitude forest areas, as well as the out-of-control conflict zones gathering and forming hot spots in concentrated areas of social and economic activities. The area proportions of different conflict types respectively were 1.79%, 18.07%, 23.17%, 13.49%, 8.00%, 13.66%, 20.34% and 1.49%. The whole study area was basically at risk of potential conflicts, with the area proportions accounting for 55.28%, 30.19%, 12.30% and 2.23%. Different governance strategies should be adopted according to the spatial distribution, manifestation and conflict degree. The model and index constructed in this paper could accurately reflect the actual situation of land use in fast-growing areas, which would provide reference for land space planning and management.
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Grassland degradation has caused increasingly prominent conflict between ecological environment conservation and socioeconomic development in the Qilian Mountains, China. How to effectively ...trade-offs and synergies to ecological and socioeconomic is essential to achieving the sustainable development of the grassland ecosystem. However, few studies have addressed the trade-offs and synergies of grassland ecosystem services in terms of coupling the natural ecosystem and the socioeconomic system. Therefore, we constructed an index of the analyzed trade-offs and synergies of grassland ecosystem services from the perspective of “ecological-production-living” functions (EPLFs) and analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of grassland EPLF trade-off and synergy relationships based on the data from the implementation of three conservation policies in the Qilian Mountains from 2003 to 2020. The results showed evident spatial and temporal differentiation of the grassland EPLFs. The ecological function was consistent with the production function, trending upward initially and then decreasing. The living function showed a trend of continuous increase. The spatial pattern of grassland EPLFs showed that the northwest and southeast were more active than the middle of the Qilian Mountains, and the regional gradient difference was apparent. The trade-off and synergy relationships of grassland EPLFs have obvious spatial correlations as well; spatial differences were evident under different conservation policies. With national park construction, the synergistic relationship gradually weakened and the trade-off relationship gradually strengthened. These results suggest that the policy of ecological priority increased trade-offs and reduced synergies among EPLFs was not conducive to coupling and coordinating grassland EPLFs for development in the Qilian Mountains. Our study also demonstrates that maintaining moderate grassland grazing pressure and the appropriate number of herdsmen is crucial to sustainably develop the grassland ecosystem in the Qilian Mountains, and further research into coupling mechanisms for grassland EPLFs is needed to reduce trade-offs and increase synergies with grassland ecosystem services.
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•The trade-off/synergy index system of grassland was constructed from EPLFs.•The spatio-temporal characteristics of EPLFs of trade-offs/synergies were analyzed.•Trade-off was the dominant relationship type between grassland EPLFs.•Excessive emphasis on grassland protection has limit development.
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The quantitative identification of land use functions (LUFs) forms the basis of land use planning and management. Based on the widely recognized “ecological-production-living” function in sustainable ...development, a uniform classification and value evaluation system of LUFs for China's rural land use planning and management is established. To highlight the functions of ecological regulation, product supply and living security, the LUFs were divided into 8 primary functions and 20 subfunctions. LUF value evaluation function groups were established based on the indirect or direct value of land use. For empirical research, Fengzhou Town, a typical rural coastal area in southeastern China, was selected as an example. The results show that the values of the ecological, production and living functions account for 14.31%, 44.54% and 41.15% of the total value, respectively. This finding indicates that the primary direction of land use in the study area is oriented toward pursuing the production and living functions. The spatial distribution of the values of the production and living functions shows obvious consistency, and they are also clearly complementary with the ecological function. More than 90% of the land area is assigned double or triple functions, which indicates that the multifunctional characteristics of land use are significant, while the spatial function zoning is disordered. These findings are consistent with the socioeconomic development of the study area, demonstrating that the established classification and value evaluation system of LUFs can reliably reflect realistic land use and will provide scientific support for the multifunctional utilization and effective management of rural land in China.
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Governments worldwide are recognising ecosystem services as an approach to address sustainability challenges. Decision‐makers need credible and legitimate measurements of ecosystem services to ...evaluate decisions for trade‐offs to make wise choices. Managers lack these measurements because of a data gap linking ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services. The dominant method to address the data gap is benefit transfer using ecological data from one location to estimate ecosystem services at other locations with similar land cover. However, benefit transfer is only valid once the data gap is adequately resolved. Disciplinary frames separating ecology from economics and policy have resulted in confusion on concepts and methods preventing progress on the data gap. In this study, we present a 10‐step approach to unify concepts, methods and data from the disparate disciplines to offer guidance on overcoming the data gap. We suggest: (1) estimate ecosystem characteristics using biophysical models, (2) identify final ecosystem services using endpoints and (3) connect them using ecological production functions to quantify biophysical trade‐offs. The guidance is strategic for public policy because analysts need to be: (1) realistic when setting priorities, (2) attentive to timelines to acquire relevant data, given resources and (3) responsive to the needs of decision‐makers.
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IntroductionHyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) is a plant belonging to the genus Mint. The origin of this plant is reported to be Asia Minor and it goes from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea as well as in ...the sandy areas of the Mediterranean. Usable parts of hyssop are flowering branches, leaves and seeds. Nowadays, the simulation models of growth and development have been used as suitable tools for acknowledging and analyzing the effect of plant, soil and atmosphere parameters for plants growth and development. Over the last two decades, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) has developed and successfully applied the agro-ecological zones (AEZ) methodology and supporting software packages to analysis solutions to various problems of land resources for planning and management for sustainable agricultural development at regional, national and sub-national levels. The issues addressed include linking land-use outputs with other development goals in such areas as food production, food self-sufficiency, cash crop requirements, issues of soil fertility constraints, soil erosion risks and land degradation. This procedure can calculate and present the potential biomass production of any crops under specific climatic condition using climatology parameters. FAO has presented the procedure manual of AEZ Package as a guideline to analyze land suitability for any crops. So, the current research is done to investigate the optimum planting date and forecast the biomass production of Hyssop using the AEZ model. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split-plot in a completely randomized block design with six planting dates and three replications in 2017-2018. The main factor was different levels of nitrogen fertilizer: 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and sub-factor was planting dates between 30-day periods from October 17 to March 25. The data of this experiment were used to calibrate the model of AEZ and the data of two years of planting date experiments in the period 2016-2017 were used to evaluate the model, so that the data collected in the first year were used for calibration and the data of the second year were used for evaluation. The index of Physiological Days (PDays) was used for analyzing photoperiod response of Hyssop during different planting date. The procedure of Soltane et al., (2006) was used to calculate PDays index. Results and discussion The AEZ model evaluation results showed that the RMSEn value of the predicted biomass was 10.81%, and the efficiency index (E), the Hyssop adaptation index (D) value, the coefficient of residual mass (CRM) value in the first year for the predicted value was 0.999, 0.98 and 0.06, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) was obtained by linear regression analysis of functions between the actual and simulated values in the first year (R2=0.98). The RMSEn, (E), (D) and (CRM) values for the predicted biomass in the second year were 5.96, 0.999, 0.0454 and 0.98%, respectively. These results indicate that the simulated and real values are in good agreement. Consequently, the model simulated the biomass with high accuracy. The results of biomass and yield analyzing using AEZ model indicated limited growth period with in a period in Jiroft station can be occurred from May to September 21, at this period, the plant stops growing and the yield decreases. Based on model estimation values for other related climatology stations: the highest biomass yield for Bam climatology station (2321.9 kg/ha and 23550.2 kg/ha respectively) can be September to early October, the cold stress limitation can be occurred at the planting date from December 1st to February 3th and the heat stress can be occurred on July planting date. In Kahnuj station, limited growth period with high temperature can be occurred from Early May to September 11, the highest biomass performance can (19413.9 kg/ha and 19764.3 kg/ha respectively) be obtained at the planting date from October to early November. Conclusion Given the ability of the AEZ model to analyze the hyssop plant production system, which is able to simulate the effect of different climatic, climatic, soil, managerial and plant variables on plant growth and yield, this model can be widely used in different regions as He used an important decision-making and management tool in research and executive dimensions.
Habitat destruction is driving biodiversity loss in remaining ecosystems, and ecosystem functioning and services often directly depend on biodiversity. Thus, biodiversity loss is likely creating an ...ecosystem service debt: a gradual loss of biodiversity‐dependent benefits that people obtain from remaining fragments of natural ecosystems. Here, we develop an approach for quantifying ecosystem service debts, and illustrate its use to estimate how one anthropogenic driver, habitat destruction, could indirectly diminish one ecosystem service, carbon storage, by creating an extinction debt. We estimate that c. 2–21 Pg C could be gradually emitted globally in remaining ecosystem fragments because of plant species loss caused by nearby habitat destruction. The wide range for this estimate reflects substantial uncertainties in how many plant species will be lost, how much species loss will impact ecosystem functioning and whether plant species loss will decrease soil carbon. Our exploratory analysis suggests that biodiversity‐dependent ecosystem service debts can be globally substantial, even when locally small, if they occur diffusely across vast areas of remaining ecosystems. There is substantial value in conserving not only the quantity (area), but also the quality (biodiversity) of natural ecosystems for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services.
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Há muitas décadas a luta pela terra representa uma temática de grande polêmica no Brasil. No entanto, além da luta pela conquista da terra, há também a luta pela inclusão sócio econômica dos ...assentados. Isto porque após a conquista da terra esses assentados encontram dificuldades de adaptação ao novo lugar e ao tipo de produção vinculada às características ambientais locais, além da falta de recursos. Nesse contexto surgem experiências de produção ecológica dos assentados no Rio Grande do Sul. Tratam-se de experiências inovadoras tanto em termos tecnológicos quanto nas dimensões socioeconômica e ambiental. Nesse sentido o artigo busca demonstrar como ocorreram as mudanças territoriais geradas pela produção, com destaque para o arroz e as hortas. Desta forma, o enfoque teórico do estudo centra-se em temáticas como agroecologia e produção orgânica e na luta pela terra, com enfoque voltado para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As informações apresentadas foram obtidas através de dados do INCRA (Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária), informações cedidas pela Certificação Participativa da COCEARGS (Cooperativa Central dos Agricultores Assentados do Rio Grande do Sul) e trabalhos de campo nos assentamentos rurais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram de que forma se desenvolveu a produção de alimentos orgânicos nos assentamentos e como essas experiências contribuem para a fixação dos assentados no campo.
Pendant de nombreuses décennies, la lutte pour la terre a fait l’objet d’une grande controverse au Brésil. Cependant, en plus de la lutte pour la conquête de la terre, il ya aussi la lutte pour l’inclusion socio-économique des assentados. C’est parce qu’après la conquête de la terre ces assentados ont du mal à s’adapter au nouveau lieu et au type de production lié aux caractéristiques environnementales locales, en plus du manque de ressources. Dans ce contexte, des expériences de production écologique des colons à Rio Grande do Sul apparaissent. Il s’agit d’expériences novatrices tant sur le plan technologique que dans les dimensions socio-économique et environnementale. En ce sens, l’article cherche à démontrer comment les changements territoriaux générés par la production se sont produits, en particulier le riz et le jardin de légumes. Ainsi, l’accent théorique de l’étude se concentre sur des thèmes tels que l’agroécologie et la production biologique et la lutte pour la terre, en mettant l’accent sur l’état du Rio Grande do Sul. Les informations présentées ont été obtenues grâce aux données de l’INCRA (Institut National de Colonisation et de Réforme Agraire), aux informations fournies par la Certification Participative de COCEARGS (Coopérative Centrale des Agriculteurs de Rio Grande do Sul) et au travail sur le terrain dans les assentamentos ruraux. Les résultats obtenus démontrent comment la production d’aliments biologiques a été développée dans les assentamentos et comment ces expériences contribuent à la fixation des assentados sur le terrain.
For many decades, the struggle for land represents a subject of great controversy in Brazil. However, in addition to the struggle of land conquest, there is also the struggle for the socio-economic inclusion of the settlers. This is because after the conquest of land these settlers find it difficult to adapt to the new place and to the type of production linked to local environmental characteristics, in addition to the lack of resources. In this context, experiences of ecological production arise from settlers in Rio Grande do Sul. These are innovative experiences both in technological terms and in the socioeconomic and environmental dimensions. For that matter, the article seeks to demonstrate how the territorial changes generated by production occurred, with emphasis on rice and vegetable gardens. Thus, the theoretical focus of the study emphasizes on themes such as agroecology and organic production and the struggle for land, with a focus on the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The information presented was obtained through data from INCRA (National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform), information provided by the Participatory Certification of COCEARGS (Central Cooperative of Settled Farmers in Rio Grande do Sul) and field work in rural settlements. The results obtained demonstrate how organic food production developed in the settlements and how these experiences contribute to the settlement of settlers in the countryside.
The paper narrates an empirical research conducted for developing four alternative socio-ecological scenarios for the lower Gangetic delta in India (aka the Indian Sundarban). We used the ‘Story and ...Simulation (SAS) approach’ to build four short-term, landscape-scale scenarios for 2030, which include a ‘Business as Usual (BAU)’, and three alternative scenarios, namely ‘Market forces’, ‘Delta Republic’ and ‘Green Sundarban’. The storylines were built after careful screening of existing development and conservation plans, as well as by consulting local government officials. The storylines were then simulated using the Multi-Layer Perceptron–Markov Chain Analysis (MLP–MCA) model, with a multitude of factors, constraints, and attributes for each scenario. Historical and current land use maps of 2006 and 2016, derived from Landsat series (ETM+ and OLI), were used as the fundamental input to the model, which were also utilized to locate decadal changes, create several independent driver variables, calculate transition potentials and ultimately to develop future land use maps. To generate the scenarios, we used a Linear Programming (LP)-based land demand optimization method to alter the transition potential matrix. Our results indicated considerable loss of mud/tidal flats and viz.-a-viz. increase in river/water areas under all the four scenarios. We further observed moderate to a significant expansion of aquaculture for all the scenarios, with an almost two-fold increase under the Market forces scenario. In addition, three of the four scenarios indicated moderate loss of mangroves. The future extent of mangroves may vary from 1997.92 km
2
(BAU) to 2172.25 km
2
(Green Sundarban), which indicates to 3.72% overall decline (0.31% decline/year) to 4.67% (or 0.38% increase/year) overall gain from the present extent. As such, the Green Sundarban scenario was identified to the best possible pathway to serve the conservation interests and future sustainability of the delta. The results from the scenario analysis remain imperative to understand, plan and prepare for the plausible alternative regional futures, thereby optimizing conservation and development through proactive policy planning.
Exploring trade-offs of land use functions (LUFs) affected by urbanization and ecological construction in hilly-mountainous cities is vital to balancing urban development and ecological protection. ...Previous studies biased toward the single impact of urbanization or ecological construction on LUFs trade-offs. However, the interaction of urbanization and ecological construction affecting the trade-offs among LUFs remains unclear. This paper used Xiangyang City, Hubei Province, one of the typical hilly-mountainous cities in central China, as an empirical case study to explore the underlying mechanisms of the interactive effects of policies on ecological construction and urbanization-induced forces. The results showed that land-use production function (LPF), living function (LLF), and ecology function (LEF) maintained different growth trends and spatial patterns during 2000 and 2019. Compared with 2000, the synergy between LPF and LLF went stronger at the city-wide level, while the trade-off between LEF and LLF became stronger and the trade-off between LEF and LPF became weaker in 2019, respectively. Spatially, the trade-off of LLF and LEF was generally stronger than that of LPF and the other two LUFs. We also found that urbanization, environmental governance, and ecological restoration had differential impacts on the trade-offs among LUFs. As interaction with urbanization occurred, ecological restoration aggravated the trade-off between LPF and LEF while mitigating the trade-off between LLF and LEF; meanwhile, environmental governance aggravated the trade-off between LPF and LEF while mitigating the trade-off between LLF and the other two functions. Territorial space optimization in hilly-mountainous cities should focus on the collaborative promotion of urbanization and ecological construction for reconciling the trade-offs among LUFs.
•We explored the interactive impacts of urbanization and ecological construction on trade-offs in land use functions (LUFs).
•Magnitudes of trade-offs between paired LUFs changed with temporal and regional variation.
•Urbanization and ecological construction factors showed different importance in various LUFs trade-offs.
•Provide a case reference for coordinating LUFs in mountainous cities in China.
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African woodlands form a major part of the tropical grassy biome and support the livelihoods of millions of rural and urban people. Charcoal production in particular is a major economic activity, but ...its impact on other ecosystem services is little studied. To address this, our study collected biophysical and social datasets, which were combined in ecological production functions, to assess ecosystem service provision and its change under different charcoal production scenarios in Gaza Province, southern Mozambique. We found that villages with longer histories of charcoal production had experienced declines in wood suitable for charcoal, firewood and construction, and tended to have lower perceived availabilities of these services. Scenarios of future charcoal impacts indicated that firewood and woody construction services were likely to trade-off with charcoal production. However, even under the most extreme charcoal scenario, these services were not completely lost. Other provisioning services, such as wild food, medicinal plants and grass, were largely unaffected by charcoal production. To reduce the future impacts of charcoal production, producers must avoid increased intensification of charcoal extraction by avoiding the expansion of species and sizes of trees used for charcoal production. This is a major challenge to land managers and policymakers in the area.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
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