Object To analyze the difference of economics cost between biliary surgeons and general surgeons in performing cholecystectomy for gallbladder benign diseases and the influence of specialization of ...surgery on patients. Methods The general information, hospitalization expenses and postoperative hospital stay of the patients with gallbladder benign diseases undergoing cholecystectomy from 2009 to 2018 in Zhongshan Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results There were 11 635 cases included in this study through the searching notes and manual review dividing 4 350 cases in biliary surgeon group and 7 285 cases in general surgeon group. There was no significant difference in ratio of laparosco-pic surgery between two groups(P=0.198). Total cost in biliary surgeon group was significantly higher than that in general surgeon group during 2009-2018, (15 721.60±9 888.82) yuan vs.(12 529.88±9 382.23) yuan. The increase in operative cost, (5 110.43±1 416.40) yuan vs. (4 601.24±1 601.65) yuan, material cost, (4 458.7
The development and application of Fenton and ozonation systems in landfill leachate treatment over the last 20 years, and the current research status are reviewed in this paper, with an emphasis on ...the technical and economic characteristics of Fenton and ozonation systems used to treat different types of landfill leachate. To date, a total of 101 and 78 articles have been published regarding leachate treatment by Fenton and ozonation systems, respectively. These articles considered the use of two systems to treat aged leachate, biologically treated leachate and leachate comprising the concentrated solution resulting from reverse osmosis (RO). The oxidization mechanisms of the two systems used to treat landfill leachate significantly differed in terms of their optimal process parameters (e.g., initial pH value, reagent dosage, and reaction time) and removal efficiency. The Fenton and ozonation systems outperformed persulfate-based advanced oxidation technology in terms of their improved biodegradability of landfill leachate and engineering practicability. The cost of the reagents required to treat landfill leachate by Fenton and ozonation systems accounted for at least 85% of the total operating cost. In contrast to the ozonation system, the Fenton system was more cost-effective when both systems were used to treat the same type of landfill leachate. This study provides a theoretical basis for the operation of Fenton and ozonation systems and also offers technical support for landfill leachate disposal companies that opt to use these technologies.
Display omitted
•Studies of landfill leachate disposal by Fenton and ozonation systems were reviewed.•Water quality characteristics were determined for different leachate.•Mechanism, parameters, and efficiency in Fenton and ozonation systems were discussed.•Operating costs of Fenton and ozonation systems were established.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Pretreating organic solid wastes leads to an enhanced anaerobic digestion process.•Pretreatments may also reduce the cost for post treatment of digestates.•Efficiency of pretreatment methods depends ...on the substrates’ characteristics.•Only few pretreatment methods are successfully applied at full-scale to date.
This paper reviews pretreatment techniques to enhance the anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste, including mechanical, thermal, chemical and biological methods. The effects of various pretreatment methods are discussed independently and in combination. Pretreatment methods are compared in terms of their efficiency, energy balance, environmental sustainability as well as capital, operational and maintenance costs. Based on the comparison, thermal pretreatment at low (<110°C) temperatures and two-stage anaerobic digestion methods result in a more cost-effective process performance as compared to other pretreatment methods.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
PURPOSE OF REVIEWTo review the recent literature on the burden of eating disorders in terms of mortality, disability, quality of life, economic cost, and family burden, compared with people without ...an eating disorder.
RECENT FINDINGSEstimates are that yearly over 3.3 million healthy life years worldwide are lost because of eating disorders. In contrast to other mental disorders, in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa years lived with disability (YLDs) have increased. Despite treatment advances, mortality rates of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa remain very highthose who have received inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa still have a more than five times increased mortality risk. Mortality risks for bulimia nervosa, and for anorexia nervosa treated outside the hospital, are lower but still about twice those of controls. In people with an eating disorder, quality of life is reduced, yearly healthcare costs are 48% higher than in the general population, the presence of mental health comorbidity is associated with 48% lower yearly earnings, the number of offspring is reduced, and risks for adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are increased.
SUMMARYPeople with a current or former eating disorder are at risk of increased mortality, high YLD rates, a reduced quality of life, increased costs, and problems with childbearing.
•Binary interaction parameters were obtained via experiment.•Separation of alcohol ester azeotropic system was designed.•Extractive distillation and pressure swing distillation were ...considered.•Detailed performance evaluation and analysis of process was done.
N-amyl alcohol, n-amyl formate, n-propanol and n-propyl formate are all organic solvents with important industrial application value. In industrial production, related alcohol ester azeotropic systems are often generated. Therefore, it is necessary to study the refining process of these substances. The work designed purification processes for two different azeotropic systems of alcohol esters via extractive distillation and pressure swing distillation methods. The required binary interaction parameters were obtained through vapor–liquid equilibrium experiments. Based on experimental data, a suitable entrainer was determined through different methods of analysis. The processes were optimized with the economic cost as the objective. In addition, it evaluated and analyzed different processes from multiple perspectives. This work explores the purification process of alcohol ester systems, providing theoretical guidance for achieving efficient separation of alcohol ester systems.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Empirical research confirms the economic costs of intimate partner violence (IPV) for women. Yet, scholarship on this topic is lacking in Ghana, where IPV against women is commonplace. We used ...in-depth interviews with 15 female survivors of IPV in the Eastern Region to examine the economic costs of IPV for women. Findings showed that the economic costs were both direct and indirect. Direct costs included out-of-pocket payments for medical and nonmedical services, while indirect costs included diminished work abilities, increased absenteeism from work, and lowered work productivity. Ghanaian policymakers must enforce and strengthen policies to prevent violence against women.
Full text
Available for:
NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
•A RIES energy network modeling and operation problem is studied.•An operation optimization model considering ladder environmental trading is established.•The optimization of the energy network is ...studied by optimizing the EH in the system.•The economic and environmental benefits of the system could be realized.
The energy network is a hub center connecting the energy supply side and the energy demand side, which has high flexibility. At the same time, energy hub is the key to coupling different energy networks. Therefore, from the optimization of the output of the energy hub to the optimization of the coordinated operation state of the multi-energy network is the core of the regional integrated energy system operation optimization research. This paper focuses on the operation optimization of regional integrated energy systems based on modeling of Electricity-Thermal-Natural Gas Network. Firstly, a general model of Electricity network, Natural Gas network, and Thermal network is established, on this basis, according to the coupling mechanism of multi-energy network, a comprehensive model of Electricity-Thermal-Natural Gas coupling system is established. Secondly, considering the constraints such as energy balance and transmission power of external network, an economic dispatching model of regional integrated energy system considering ladder carbon trading mechanism is established with the objective of minimizing economic cost. Thirdly, Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm is used to solve the economic dispatch model, and the optimization results of the energy hub are obtained. Combined with the general energy network model, the optimization results of each energy network are further obtained according to the characteristics of energy balance and energy flow transmission of the system, including equipment output, gas turbine efficiency, thermal medium velocity, etc. Finally, in order to illustrate the advantages of this method, “Following power load”, “Following heat load”, and “Optimal scheduling” are set up in the simulation, and the simulation results show that the total operation cost of “Optimal scheduling” mode is reduced by 8.44% and the environmental emission is reduced by 15.03% compared with the other two modes, and the technical and economic characteristics of “Optimal scheduling” mode have strong advantages in the three modes.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Thermal properties of MWCNT, Fe3O4, ATO NFs were investigated experimentally.•Maximum PCE of MWCNT, Fe3O4, and ATO NFs was 93.3%, 90%, and 89.2%, respectively.•MWCNT NF has about 10–100 times higher ...SAR than Fe3O4 and ATO NF.•Post-optical transmittance of MWCNT, Fe3O4, and ATO NFs was slightly increased.
For the use of volumetric absorption solar thermal collector (VASTC), the thermo-optical properties, photothermal conversion characteristics and economics of MWCNT (Multi-walled carbon nanotube) (0.0005–0.004 wt%), Fe3O4 (0.025–0.1 wt%), and antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) (0.05–0.25 wt%) nanofluids (NFs) were comprehensively investigated. As a result, The improvement of thermal conductivity, specific heat, and viscosity of MWCNT, Fe3O4, and ATO NFs was insignificant in the concentration range where optical absorbance can improve. The photothermal conversion efficiency (ηPTC) and receiving efficiency (ηrec) were significantly improved according to the increase in the concentration. Among NFs, the 0.002 wt% MWCNT, 0.075 wt% Fe3O4, and 0.1 wt% ATO NFs had maximum ηPTC (93.3%, 90%, and 89.2%) and ηrec (83.7%, 81.4%, and 77.7%). Regarding dispersion stability, the optical transmittance of MWCNT, Fe3O4, and ATO NFs slightly increased, and long-term dispersion stability is required for the use of VASTC. Economically, the cost required per unit photothermal conversion energy (CUPTE) of 0.002 wt% MWCNT NF is 0.102–0.538 $/g, which is cheaper than 0.075 wt% Fe3O4 and 0.1 wt% ATO NFs. Overall, MWCNTs can be used as working fluid for VASTC due to their excellent optical absorption and low price once long-term dispersion stability is achieved.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Application of membrane separation process in China is comprehensively investigated.•Leachate treatment capacity of NF is the highest in landfill and incineration plant.•A combination of NF and RO ...exhibits the best efficiency for leachates treatment.•Membrane processes are more likely to be adopted in economically developed regions.•Operation costs of membrane process mainly depends on the pre-treatment process.
To comprehensively investigate the application of membrane separation technology in the treatment of landfill leachate in China, the performance of nearly 200 waste management enterprises of different sizes in China were analyzed, with an emphasis on their scale, regional features, processes, and economic characteristics. It was found that membrane separation technologies, mainly nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and NF + RO, have been used in China since 2004. The treatment capacity of the two most dominant membrane separation technologies, i.e., NF and RO, were both almost 60,000 m3/d in 2018, and both technologies are widely used in landfills and incineration plants. Their distribution is mainly concentrated in eastern and southwestern China, where the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is relatively high and the economy is developing rapidly. Membrane separation technology is the preferred technique for the advanced treatment of leachate because more contaminants can be effectively removed by the technology than by other advanced processes. However, the membrane retentate that is produced using this technology—commonly known as leachate concentrate—is heavily contaminated due to the enrichment of almost all the inorganic anions, heavy metals, and organic matter that remain after bioprocessing. An economic cost analysis revealed that the operating cost of membrane separation technology has stabilized and is between 1.77 USD/m3 and 4.90 USD/m3; electricity consumption is the most expensive cost component. This review describes the current problems with the use of membrane separation technology and recommends strategies and solutions for its future use.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To estimate the global costs of hearing loss in 2019.
Prevalence-based costing model.
Hearing loss data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study. Additional non-hearing related health care costs, ...educational support, exclusion from the labour force in countries with full employment and societal costs posed by lost quality of life were determined. All costs were reported in 2019 purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted international dollars.
Total global economic costs of hearing loss exceeded $981 billion. 47% of costs were related to quality of life losses, with 32% due to additional costs of poor health in people with hearing loss. 57% of costs were outside of high-income countries. 6.5% of costs were for children aged 0-14. In scenario analysis a 5% reduction in prevalence of hearing loss would reduce global costs by $49 billion.
This analysis highlights major economic consequences of not taking action to address hearing loss worldwide. Small reductions in prevalence and/or severity of hearing loss could avert substantial economic costs to society. These cost estimates can also be used to help in modelling the cost effectiveness of interventions to prevent/tackle hearing loss and strengthen the case for investment.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, NUK, OILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
PDF
