This paper analyses the estimates offered by political and social media on trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Spain. Estimates of the costs and economic benefits obtained by ...traffickers from their victims are calculated using different information sources. These sources
are collected by the authors (interviews with key informants and traffickers, analysis of court rulings, ethnographic work, analysis of news items reported in the press, and memoirs from official bodies). The results question the contradictory and obsolete information used to refer to the
number of victims, economic volumes, and the number of men paying for sexual services.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Este trabajo analiza las estimaciones que desde medios políticos y sociales se ofrecen sobre la trata con fines de explotación sexual en España. Partiendo de distintas fuentes de información ...recogidas por los autores (entrevistas a informantes clave y a tratantes, análisis de sentencias judiciales, trabajo etnográfico, análisis de noticias en prensa y memorias de organismos oficiales) se realizan estimaciones del coste y beneficios económicos que los tratantes obtienen de sus víctimas, y se cuestionan las informaciones contradictorias y obsoletas que se utilizan para referirse al número de víctimas y a los hombres que pagan por servicios sexuales.
This paper analyses the estimates offered by political and social media on trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Spain. Estimates of the costs and economic benefits obtained by traffickers from their victims are calculated using different information sources. These sources are collected by the authors (interviews with key informants and traffickers, analysis of court rulings, ethnographic work, analysis of news items reported in the press, and memoirs from official bodies). The results question the contradictory and obsolete information used to refer to the number of victims, economic volumes, and the number of men paying for sexual services.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The disjunction of ecological and socioeconomic sciences is one of the main obstructions in current human–natural integrated systems research. Therefore, gridded GIS technology is introduced in an ...attempt to achieve the spatial flow analysis of water pollution in eco-natural systems. With this unified GIS platform, an input–output table and one-dimensional water quality model are chosen to manifest the spatial economic flows and spatial natural flows of water pollution separately. Finally, the comprehensive effect of the spatial circulation of water pollution in eco-natural systems is assessed. A case study of the framework is carried out in the Changzhou District of Taihu Lake, China, and the main results show the following: (1) COD (chemical oxygen demand) direct emissions represent the characteristics of high intensity and clustering in industrial regions; control unit 8 is the largest secondary emissions unit, representing up to 41.79% of the total, whereas the emissions of the primary industry tend to be low intensity and widespread. (2) The gray virtual water flow from the primary industry to other heavy industries (except the chemical industry) is the main flow type; the transfer amount adds up to 2512t, and the inter-units with the largest occupation of water environment capacity (WEC) upstream to downstream are 8–9, nearly up to 1548t. (3) Under the interaction of positive and negative functions of economic flows and natural flows, the final effect of pollution transfer may be offset, environmental degradation or environmental improvement. This study could provide a basis for ecological compensation, environmental exteriority and optimization of industrial structure layouts.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The globalisation of exchanges has resulted in excessive growth of material and immaterial flows. The disconnection among the supply, production, decision-making and consumption sites generates new ...spatial interdependencies. It determines local socio-economic dynamics and affects ecosystems. In this context, the question arises if territorial capability—“localized collective capacity to serve territorial development”—influences, from local level, these globalised flows systems. By combining territorial economic principles and territorial ecology approaches, we study the industrial metabolism of the Maurienne valley in France. The Maurienne case shows how territorial characteristics contribute to the economic resilience in rural areas. The calculation of wealth flows provides information on the local economic base, the weight of industry and its social impact. The analysis of physical flows reveals the materiality of this industry and the dependence on external resources and international companies. It highlights the various pressures and risks on the environment. To deal with these constraints, companies rely on relational and geographic proximities with local subcontractors. These relationships determine both the proper functioning of the local industrial system and the territorial capability to maintain and transform industrial activities. Most rural European territories experience the same industrial issues and environmental challenges. Therefore, this study offers new research perspectives to better understand and promote ecological transition in old and often rural industrial areas.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The development of the world economy is primarily determined by the process of international specialization. The production of the specialized economic branches is usually distinguished by high ...quality; therefore, it is demanded in the world market. Since each country specializes in the production of certain types of products and their volume exceeds the demand in the domestic market, the need to export them emerges. International specialization aims to adapt the national economic potential, the domestic economy to the requirements of the world market. Hence as result of such specialization, international trade flows take place, that strengthen the economic interdependencies between countries. The global chocolate market size was valued at USD 130.56 billion and is considerably growing. The cocoa beans are the essential ingredient for chocolate, cocoa products and a wide range of other food products. Global cocoa production is expected to reach 4.8 million tons in the 2020/2021 crop year. Lately, the price of cocoa has been well over two U.S. dollars per kilogram.
We model the flow of human capital and resources across multimodal transportation networks throughout the Greater Tokyo Area. Our transportation networks include trains, buses, and roads integrated ...with a walking network among a geographically grounded hexagonal grid and connecting nodes of different modes. The hexagonal grid holds data on both the working population and number of jobs from which we built probability distributions for the origins and destinations of commuting trips. Using both the network simplex method and stochastically generated origin-destination trips we estimate the population flows necessary to satisfy this demand. Rather than micro-simulations of actual commuting patterns, congestion, or route planning, our approach aims to uncover patterns in the aggregate flow of human resources to and from economic opportunities. We describe the details of the socioeconomic data, network generation, and the results of our exploratory analysis, then discuss the implications of these findings for transportation usage and future work.
Abstract
Over the past three decades, new off-grid electrification infrastructures – as micro-grids and other solar solutions – have moved from innovative initiatives, conducted by NGOs and private ...stakeholders, to a credible model promoted by international organizations for electrification of rural areas in developing countries. Multiple conditions support their spread: major technological advances in the field of renewable energies (panels, batteries), intensive Chinese industrial production allowing lower prices, institutional reforms in Africa including these solutions in major national electrification programmes, and, finally, an opening to the private sector as a supposed guarantee of the projects’ viability. However, while the development of this market calls for significant investments, a vast set of calculations and a strong “micro-capitalist” doctrine, all involved in their design, experts admit that a large proportion of projects hardly survive or even fail.
This chapter investigates these failures by exploring the ecology of such infrastructures, designed for “the poor.” It discusses “thinking infrastructures” in terms of longevity by focusing on economic failures risks. The authors argue that the ecology of the infrastructure integrates various economic conversions and exchanges chains expected to participate in the infrastructure’s functioning. By following energy access solutions for rural Africa in sub-regions of Senegal and Madagascar, from their political and technical design to their ordinary life, the authors examine the tensions and contradictions embedded within the scripts of balance supposed to guarantee their success.
O presente trabalho procura expressar as transformações produtivas e de consumo ocorridas no estado de São Paulo em consonância com a logística, os sistemas de movimento e os fluxos econômicos. A ...referida desconcentração produtiva e de consumo rumo ao interior só foi possível, no ritmo acelerado, com a combinação hierarquizada de alguns elementos básicos, como: 1) a logística enquanto estratégia, planejamento e gestão (inclusive na concessão de serviços públicos à iniciativa privada) de transportes, armazenamento e comunicações; 2) o aprimoramento tecnológico dos sistemas de movimento (infra-estruturas e meios de transportes) e 3) os fluxos econômicos (bens, serviços, informações, capitais e pessoas) no território. Dessa forma, partimos para uma análise dos impactos da “quinta revolução logística” e as alternativas entre sistemas de movimento e fluidez territorial no atendimento das demandas corporativas no território paulista.
In order to build a sustainable economic society with a lowenvironmental impact, the private sector and the general government must identify and implement active or voluntary tools capable of ...influencing the carrying out of the socio-economic activities as to ensure their sustainability. These topics were subject to the high level Conference “Beyond the GDP”, jointly organised by the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Club of Rome, UNECE and OECD in November 2007. The Conference has statuated certain road maps in view to build up the statistical tools that are necessary in order to obtain the integrated “economy – environment” indicators.At the same time, a strong support of decision-makers, of the experts and of the civil society for their implementation has been proven.The same objectives are envisaged by the Stiglitz Commission,established upon the request of Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of France, in view to identify new tools necessary for the production of complementary information which, together with the GDP, could more pertinently characterise the social progress.Due to these tools the decision-makers in the general government andbusinesses get useful information based on which they are able to measure, analyse and highlight the costs related to the economic activities meant to promote the environmental conservation and the quantitative effects (expressed in monetary or physical units) in the context of the sustainable development requirements.The transposition of such mechanisms into an information systemrepresents the basis of environmental accountancy.The environmental accounts provide data highlighting the maincontribution of natural resources to the economic development, the wellbeing and the pollution or resource degradation-related costs. It can be said that the environmental accountancy achieves the measurement of the economic efficiency of the environmental conservation activities as part of the environmental performance index and of the environmental efficiency of the companies economic activities as part of the financial performances associated to the environmental measures.Why such an approach?At present, many aspects of welfare can no longer be quantified solely through the GDP, and though a correlation between the GDP and welfare exists, this indicator, in its current format, is not able to express the real content of welfare which, besides the close relation with the economic growth has multiple linkages with the consumption level, the environmental situation, etc.The need for improving the data and indicators completing the GDP,in view to express the progress recorded in all the fields that is contributing to welfare (health, environment protection, production and consumption patterns, etc.) is an imperative. In brief, an accountancy framework is necessary, allowing for the integration of environmental issues with the economic ones.
We are building a series of fast, visually accessible, cross-sectional, hence static urban models for large metropolitan areas that will enable us to rapidly test many different scenarios pertaining ...to both short-term and long-term urban futures. We call this framework SIMULACRA which is a forum for developing many different model variants which can be finely tuned to different problem contexts and future scenarios. The models are multisector, dealing with residential, retail/service, and employment location, are highly disaggregate, and subject to constraints on land availability and transport capacities. They have an explicit urban economic focus around transport costs, incomes, and house prices and thus encapsulate simple market-clearing mechanisms. Here we will briefly outline this class of models, paying particular attention to their structure and the way physical flows and locations are mirrored by economic flows in terms of costs and prices. Several versions of the model now exist, but we will focus, first, on the simplest 'one-window' desktop pilot version with the most obvious graphical interface; and, second, on a much more elaborated framework developed for web access, extensible to web service architectures and other related services. To demonstrate its flexibility and intelligibility, we define the various interfaces and demonstrate how the aggregate model can be calibrated to the wider London region to which it is applied. We will demonstrate the model, albeit briefly with respect to the rapid assessment of different urban futures-"what-if" scenarios, based on the impact of new London airports in the Thames Estuary. The key feature of this entire project is that the model and its variants can be run in a matter of seconds, thus entirely changing the traditional dialogue associated with their use and experimentation.
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