The article aimed to analyze the comparison of electoral systems in Indonesia and Malaysia due to relevant differences and similarities. In Malaysia, the legislative election system was implemented ...to elect members of the People Council using a district platform. Meanwhile, Indonesia used an Open Proportional system to elect members of the National and Regional Representative Councils. A total of three aspects were also compared between both countries through a legal research and comparative approach, namely Government, Election, and Party Systems. Data collection was subsequently carried out through empirical studies, including interviews and literature reviews. The results showed that differences in government systems, state forms, and administration were observed between Indonesia and Malaysia, where proportional and district electoral platforms were implemented, respectively. Despite the differences, the two countries still had various similarities, such as the implementation of a multiparty system using different party coalition platforms. Variations were also observed in the implementation of voting rights by soldiers and convicts within both countries.
This research argues that implementing the electronic voting (e-voting) system in Indonesia is urged following the nation's first-ever 2019 simultaneous elections, which cost a deadly price of 527 ...election official lives of reported extreme fatigue during and after the event. Billed as "the world's most complex election", it has reached a consensus that the current manual election system, in which five different paper-based elections are voted at a time, has to be changed. Not to mention that the long-time gap between the voting day and the result announcement may create an opportunity for election fraud. This is evidenced by loads of electoral dispute lawsuits from the previous election brought to the Constitutional Court of Indonesia accused the others of cheating. This research stresses that despite the controversies of whether Indonesia, an archipelagic country with more than 17 thousand islands and 267 million people, is ready for e-voting. Whether the application of technology is an appropriate response to the election problems? E-voting is desired as a long-term solution and intends to solve many issues such as speeding the counting of ballots, reducing the cost of elections, providing accessibility for disabled voters, and increasing overall voter turnout.
Social networks are generally regarded as channels through which parliamentarians establish direct contact with the public. However, do they engage in these activities personally or rather delegate ...them to their parliamentary assistants? This study examines the intermediary relationship between parliamentarians and the public (henceforth PAs)—seeking to understand their role in contemporary, political communications. While numerous studies have looked at types of parliamentarian contact with the public, PAs have received little scholarly attention. Adopting a comparative perspective, this study will suggest a theoretical model of the MP/PA social media work relationship, creating a new questionnaire for PAs in the US House of Representatives, German Bundestag, and Israeli Knesset, exploring whether level of parliamentarians’ involvement in social networking is influenced by working within different electoral systems: representatives elected directly (the United States), mixed (Germany), and indirectly (Israel). The study investigates the level of parliamentarians’ engagement with social media communication according to a four-category model.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Se aborda el desarrollo institucional y las prácticas políticas en los gobiernos municipales del reino de Valencia entre los siglos XIII y XV, partiendo desde el modelo originario y referencial de la ...ciudad de Valencia y su adaptación a las villas. Se analiza la estrecha interconexión entre las modificaciones de los sistemas electorales y el proceso de configuración de las oligarquías, que explican el surgimiento y la consolidación del patriciado urbano en un marco de relaciones de poder, donde los diferentes intereses de la monarquía de la Corona de Aragón condicionaron los ritmos de evolución en la red urbana. Además, se profundiza en las iniciativas de colaboración entre las elites locales y dicha monarquía.
Zusammenfassung
Trotz formaler Gleichstellung sind Frauen im Deutschen Bundestag immer noch unterrepräsentiert. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass institutionelle Faktoren entscheidend zur ...strukturellen Diskriminierung von Frauen in der Politik beitragen. Vor allem Mehrheitswahlsysteme und im rechten Parteispektrum verortete Parteien führen weltweit und auch in Deutschland zu niedrigen Frauenanteilen in den Parlamenten. Vor dem Hintergrund der anstehenden Wahlrechtsreform des Bundestags – deren Auftrag es auch ist, eine „… gleichberechtigte Repräsentanz von Frauen und Männern auf den Kandidatenlisten und im Bundestag zu erreichen“ – untersucht der Artikel, welche strukturellen Faktoren die Wahlchancen von Frauen bei Bundestagswahlen beeinflusst haben. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Auswirkungen des Wahlsystems und der ideologischen Ausrichtung der Parteien gelegt. Der verwendete Datensatz umfasst Kandidatinnen und Kandidaten bei Bundestagswahlen von 1953–2017. Damit ermöglicht er Analysen auf Individualebene, die auch die Untersuchung der Nominierungsqualität berücksichtigen, also der individuellen Erfolgschancen einer Kandidatur. Die Ergebnisse des Papiers zeigen, dass der Mechanismus des Mehrheitswahlrechts, aber auch die Qualität der Nominierung und die Parteizugehörigkeit die Wahlchancen von Frauen beeinflussen und somit Stellschrauben sind, um den Frauenanteil im Bundestag langfristig zu erhöhen.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
By adopting a multilevel system perspective, we derive three insights from the analyses on regional elections presented in this third annual review of regional elections. First, we argue that Poland, ...South Korea and the USA can be conceived as aggregated bipolar party systems where competition at the nationwide level revolves around two parties whereas single parties dominate in the regions. Second, drawing on the cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Kenya, and Nigeria, we claim that the integration of multilevel party systems (also) depends on the extent of collaboration between parties from the national and regional electoral arenas. Third, significant vote-switching revealed by election surveys held in Denmark and Sweden poses a significant challenge for theories on regional voting. We conclude by considering the wider implications of these three insights for multilevel democracy.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In February 2019, Administration of Hong Kong initiated Extradition Bill, which sparked mass protests in
June. The scale of the protests was unprecedented in the history of the SAR and resulted in ...violent clashes between police force
and young radicals organized by ‘localist’
groups.
The authors present a short history of interaction between pro-Beijing and
pan-democratic camps in the territory concentrated on the reform of the election system of the SAR. They conclude that exacerbation of the political stand-off in Hong
Kong started in 2007 when the authorities
promised a possible transit to universal suffrage in 2017. The demands for this transit
were not satisfied in 2014 leading to ‘Umbrella revolution’ – the first manifestation of
radical youth movements.
Detecting the causes of the conflict the
authors look into the concept of ‘Hong Kong
identity’ as opposed to ‘Chinese identity’
popular in sociological studies of the public opinion in the SAR. They try to investigate other reasons for the growing distress
and protests of young generation of Hongkongers, both indigenous and exogenous.
The latter correlate strongly with a general
trend towards deterioration in Sino-American relations. A wide picture showing interference of the US in Hong Kong’s political
life and instigation of protests in 2019-2020
is presented.
In the stormy 2020, however, political situation in Hong Kong became more stable following adoption of the Law on Safeguarding
National Security in the Hong Kong by the
China’s parliament in late June. Closing some
loopholes in the SAR legislation the Law facilitates the fight with radical groups. Still, a
major healing in interaction of pan-democrats and loyalists is ahead to address gloomy
economic and social situation in the territory.
PurposeThis study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the electoral mechanism of local education superintendents in South Korea, draws conclusions and makes suggestions for future ...reforms.Design/methodology/approachThe research method of this study included document analysis and interviews. Document analysis was used to collect and analyze the relevant official documents of education superintendents across countries. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four professors and two superintendents.FindingsThe results of the interviews indicate the following: 1) Korean stakeholders are getting more familiar with the direct election of superintendents, as the interviews indicate a more mature direct election system due to previous experience and public officials taking direct election into account; 2) The direct election of superintendents has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include increasing the participation of the general public in education, and the disadvantages include conflict between the central government and local superintendents belonging to different political parties. However, the current system is likely to be retained; 3) The superintendent systems in various countries differ due to their respective traditions and social contexts. However, the authors can always learn lessons and implications from foreign countries if the authors compare their education systems with their foreign counterparts.Research limitations/implicationsAs far research limitations, although this was a small study, it shows the importance of collecting multiple stakeholders' views on the direct election of education superintendents as a basis for future reform of education management.Practical implicationsThe Korean system for electing superintendents provides a good model for other countries reflecting on the educational autonomy and accountabilities of their own systems.Social implicationsThe direct election of superintendents provides an example of professionalism, independence and political neutrality in education that other countries can learn from. The separation of general and educational administration in Korea through direct elections protects educational activities from political influence.Originality/valueIn terms of originality/value, this study adds a new perspective to the debate about whether the general public should directly elect education superintendents, as well as to the literature on local education management.
The Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad equation allows us to model the process of decision making in US elections. The crucial point we attempt to make is that the voter’s mental state can be ...represented as a superposition of two possible choices for either republicans or democrats. However, reality dictates a more complicated situation: typically a voter participates in two elections, i.e. the congress and the presidential elections. In both elections the voter has to decide between two choices. This very feature of the US election system requires that the mental state is represented by a 2-qubit state corresponding to the superposition of 4 different choices. The main issue is to describe the dynamics of the voters’ mental states taking into account the mental and political environment. What is novel in this paper is that we apply the theory of open quantum systems to social science. The quantum master equation describes the resolution of uncertainty (represented in the form of superposition) to a definite choice.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Objective: to study the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of the elections of the President of the United States of America (by the example of the ...59th US presidential election).Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical, sociological.Results: apparently, Democrats and Republicans have their own views as to which voting procedures should be in place, how votes should be counted, and what a fair and accurate result is. The US history is full of ballot battles that share certain characteristics with what happened in 2020 and with how new laws are shaping the sixtieth presidential election. The US history is also replete with legal and popular efforts to expand voting rights, ensure that voting procedures are fair and objective, and ensure that those who are sworn into office were the ones actually elected. In this regard, an alert, informed, and active citizenry is absolutely essential for an inclusive, transparent, and fair electoral system in any state. The fifty-ninth presidential election reflected an extraordinarily contentious landscape. The next presidential election may be even more polarizing and there is no assurance that democratic institutions and norms of peaceful succession will hold.Scientific novelty: for first time, the article considers and analyses the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of elections of the President of the United States of America (by the example of the 59th US presidential election). Special attention is paid to restricting ballot access, changing the voting rules, counting the votes, attacking the results and election subversion.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of the US presidential elections due in 2024.
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