It is more convenient and safer to employ inductive power transfer (IPT) systems to charge the battery pack of electric bicycles (EBs) than conventional plug-in systems. An IPT charging method ...suitable for charging massive EBs is proposed to achieve constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output without feedback control strategies or communication link between transmitter side and receiver side. Two ac switches (ACSs) and an auxiliary capacitor utilized at receiver side are employed to be operated once to change the charging modes from CC mode to CV mode. The characteristics of the load-independent current output in the CC mode and load-independent voltage output in the CV mode are achieved by properly selecting the passive parameters of inductances and capacitors, so that no sophisticated control strategies are required to regulate the output as per the charging profile. The feasibility of proposed method has been verified with an experimental prototype in form of efficiency, stability of output current and voltage in CC/CV mode. The simple and economical approach is suitable for the massive EBs charging system with only one inverter, especially in China.
Metodos Se obtuvieron 192 horas de filmacion del trafico antes (2019) y despues (2021) de la aplicacion de la campana en ocho intersecciones viales de Changsha, en las que se registro el ...comportamiento de los ciclistas (con bicicletas tradicionales y electricas) y de los motociclistas en relacion con el uso del casco, tanto en dias laborables como en fin de semana, y en horas pico y no pico de trafico. Se extrajeron datos sobre las caracteristicas de los ciclistas y el uso del casco. Se aplico una regresion logistica para obtener estimaciones del uso del casco y de su correcto uso, y se calcularon las razones de posibilidades ajustadas a las variables de los conductores. phrase omitted
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Electric bicycles (EBs) are becoming increasingly popular in some regions such as China and Europe. However, wireless power transfer (WPT) for charging massive EBs poses a challenge related to the ...cost of WPT system (WPTS), especially in China, where EBs application is so sensitive to the product price. This paper presents an optimization method of the passive components for the S-LCC topology to decrease the cost of the overall system. With the novel method, the number of passive components can be optimized to the minimum and still with constant current and constant voltage outputs. A novel compensation method with an inductor array is also proposed to guarantee an inductive input impedance of WPTS, achieving soft switching and reducing the high switching losses of the high-frequency inverter (HFI). To demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods, an experimental setup is built. The performance of two WPTS indicates that massive EBs can be charged with only one HFI, and the cost of the overall system decreases accordingly.
This letter presents an inductive power transfer system based on a new variable coil structure to achieve load-independent constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) outputs for charging ...electric bicycles (EBs), without involving complex control strategies. The new variable coil structure consists of three-layer coils, i.e., two bipolar coils and one unipolar coil, on the transmitter side and one unipolar coil on the receiver side. The compact and portable receiver with series compensation is installed in the EB, while two switches on the transmitter side at the power charging station are utilized to reconfigure the transmitter coil structure to select the charging mode, i.e., CC mode or CV mode. The proposed system can achieve zero phase angle operation, fixed operating frequency, and zero-voltage switching, which will lower the power rating of power switches and improve the efficiency. A laboratory prototype is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.
Electric bicycles, also known as e-bikes, are future bicycles with an electric motor as a locomotive. Electric bicycles using rechargeable batteries can go from 25 to 32 km/h, while more powerful ...varieties can go more than 45 km/h (28 mph). The research method begins with making an electric bicycle with a 350-watt BLDC motor powered by a 36 V 21 Ah battery, which theoretically will get up to 2 hours of battery use at maximum speed. The test was carried out in terms of travel speed fuel consumption on flat or uphill road conditions. After all the tests have been completed, data on the results of the performance of the electric bicycle can be obtained, and then a graph of the performance characteristics of the electric bicycle can be made. After conducting data analysis based on the graph of the performance characteristics of this electric bicycle, it is concluded that the use of the smallest gear is effective when the electric bicycle is starting, but the low speed and the largest gear are used when the motorbike is running to get a high speed of 32 km. The success of this research will impact Reducing dependency on fossil fuel vehicles.
The rapid growth in the number of electric bicycles (e-bicycles) has greatly improved daily commuting for residents, but it has also increased traffic collisions involving e-bicycles. This study aims ...to develop an autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system for e-bicycles to reduce rear-end collisions. A framework for the AEB system composed of the risk recognition function and collision avoidance function was designed, and an e-bicycle following model was established. Then, numerical simulations were conducted in multiple scenarios to evaluate the effectiveness of the AEB system under different riding conditions. The results showed that the probability and severity of rear-end collisions involving e-bicycles significantly decreased with the application of the AEB system, and the number of rear-end collisions resulted in a 68.0% reduction. To more effectively prevent rear-end collisions, a low control delay (delay time) and suitable risk judgment criteria (TTC threshold) for the AEB system were required. The study findings suggested that when a delay time was less than or equal to 0.1 s and the TTC threshold was set at 2 s, rear-end collisions could be more effectively prevented while minimizing false alarms in the AEB system. Additionally, as the deceleration rate increased from 1.5 m/s
to 4.5 m/s
, the probability and average severity of rear-end collisions also increased by 196.5% and 42.9%, respectively. This study can provide theoretical implications for the design of the AEB system for e-bicycles. The established e-bicycle following model serves as a reference for the microscopic simulation of e-bicycles.
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Objective
With the recent exponential increase in express deliveries across China, the number of patients with flame burns caused by electric bicycle battery chargers (BEBBC) has markedly increased ...in burn units. In this study, we aimed to characterize BEBBC to systematically explore measures to prevent their occurrence.
Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with flame burns who visited the Burn Department of Rui Jin Hospital between January 2015 and December 2021.
Results
Sixty-three patients with BEBBC and 1412 with types of other flame burn were included in this study. Fifty-six of the 63 BEBBC cases occurred between 9 pm and 7 am. BEBBC incidents involved a higher incidence of group burn in which multiple individuals were affected. Non-local patients with BEBBC were significantly younger than their local counterparts. BEBBC had a higher mortality than types of other flame burn.
Conclusions
The rising incidence of BEBBC calls for greater attention because of the associated high mortality and heavy burden on society. Enacting related legislation, disseminating information to the public, and improving treatment to control infection can help prevent BEBBC, increase its cure rate, and reduce patient mortality.
Electric bicycles (e-bikes) represent one of the fastest growing segments of the transport market. Over 31 million e-bikes were sold in 2012. Research has followed this growth and this paper provides ...a synthesis of the most pertinent themes emerging over the past on the burgeoning topic of e-bikes. The focus is transport rather than recreational e-bike research, as well as the most critical research gaps requiring attention. China leads the world in e-bike sales, followed by the Netherlands and Germany. E-bikes can maintain speed with less effort. E-bikes are found to increase bicycle usage. E-bikes have the potential to displace conventional motorised (internal combustion) modes, but there are open questions about their role in displacing traditional bicycles. E-bikes have been shown to provide health benefits and an order of magnitude less carbon dioxide than a car travelling the same distance. Safety issues have emerged as a policy issue in several jurisdictions and e-bike numbers are now approaching levels in which adequate safety data are able to be collected. Research on e-bikes is still in its infancy. As e-bike usage continues to grow, so too will the need for further research, in order to provide the necessary data to inform policy-makers and industry.
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