Modular design becomes a trend in the automotive industry to increase competitiveness with vehicle platforms that combine multiple modules to provide different applications. This paper presents an ...optimized Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) applied to modular all-wheel-drive vehicles, focusing on Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) powered configurations. The vehicle behavior is determined by dynamic model simulation, in which the Magic Formula is applied to define the tire slip, associated with the load transfer during curves or drive/break situations. The controller acts as an electronic differential and changes the in-wheel motor torques to correct the vehicle trajectory during a standard maneuver. A multi-objective optimization based on the genetic algorithm determines the FLC configuration. The vehicle parameters (EV and HEV) have been modified to analyze the optimized FLC and, in all cases, the control showed an improvement in behavior to the vehicle without control. Finally, the FLC was implemented in a simple microcontroller and a hardware-in-the-loop simulation was developed to simulate a real vehicle operating condition and analyze this performance.
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•Fuzzy logic control applied to modular all-wheel-drive vehicle.•Multi-objective optimization procedure for a robust fuzzy vehicle stability control.•Trajectory correction by means of electronic differential in-wheel EM control.•Microcontroller implementation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The electronic differential control (EDC) system is an indispensable key technology for distributed-drive buses. However, compared to traditional buses with mechanical differentials, ...distributed-drive buses based on EDC have more severe tire wear and tire bias wear. To tackle these problems, we consider the reduction of tire wear, and propose an EDC strategy based on model predictive control (MPC) to improve the steering stability and extend the tire service life. First, nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom dynamics model and magic tire formula are established. Second, the slip ratio is selected as the observation of tire wear, and the underlying causes of tire wear are analyzed via simulation tests under different driving conditions. Third, a three-layer EDC strategy is designed. The upper layer is the EDC trigger condition and vehicle speed-following control; the middle layer is the calculation of control parameters such as the desired stability parameters, estimated sideslip angle, and slip state of the driving wheels; and the lower layer is the MPC-based driving torque controller to obtain the motor torque. Finally, the proposed MPC-based EDC strategy is validated and compared by simulation tests and real experiments. The comparative results demonstrate that the MPC-based EDC can achieve optimized differential torque control to effectively reduce the tire wear while improving the stability in different steering maneuvers.
This paper presents an optimized fuzzy logic control (FLC) applied to four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicles (FWID-EVs). The controller is developed to act as an Electronic Differential (ED), ...which changes the in-wheel motors torques to correct the vehicle trajectory during some specific maneuvers. The simulation determines the rotation, the lateral and longitudinal displacement of the vehicle, in which the nonlinear Magic Formula is applied to define the tires slip, associated with the load transfer during curves or drive/break situations and with the steering input. According to the literature, several parameters are used to provide stability controls of similar vehicles, for example, the sideslip angle and yaw rate. Therefore, a parameter influence analysis is carried out to find out the most relevant parameters to be monitored in the investigated FWID-EV. Once the relevant input parameters are defined, an optimum ED FLC is developed by means of a genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization with the objective of minimizing the trajectory error of the FWID-EV under a combination of the Sine with Dwell and constant steering standard maneuvers. The results show the best control configuration is a combination of steer and sideslip angles, with a reduced number of rules and less processing time (0.71 s). Besides, the proposed control presents a reduction in the trajectory error, improvement up to 95.1%, emphasizing that the parameter influence analysis allows finding an optimum, more efficient, and time-saving control solution. Therefore, a simple adjustment in the variables inputs can decrease the control process, without overshadowing the dynamic behavior.
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•Influence analysis of vehicle stability control input parameters.•Multi-objective optimization procedure for a fuzzy vehicle stability control.•Trajectory correction by means of electronic differential in-wheel EM control.•Best control performance reached with only two input parameters.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this article, a novel double-rotor flux-switching permanent-magnet (DR-FSPM) motor is proposed for electric vehicles with the capability of magnetic differential (MagD). The key is to introduce a ...new set of winding, which magnetically couples with the two rotors of the DR-FSPM motor in such a way that the magnetic coupling winding field can interact with the PM fields in the two rotors. Hence, the differential torque can be generated between wheels to achieve accurate cornering during vehicle steering. Consequently, the proposed system can offer higher efficiency and compactness than the conventional mechanical differential system, while providing higher reliability and safer operation than the electronic differential system. The operation principle and performances of the proposed DR-FSPM motor are thoroughly analyzed by finite element analysis while the proposed MagD system is also evaluated with system simulation. Finally, the motor prototype is built while the prototype and MagD system are tested for experimental verification.
Nowadays, there is an active stage of development of advanced energy-saving technologies in the field of automotive industry, and therefore, electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular. One ...of the main indicators of the efficiency of autonomous electric transport is the power reserve, the increase of which can be achieved by reducing the weight of the vehicle. In classic cars, the torque from the internal combustion engine is passed to the wheels by means of a transmission. In electric vehicles, due to the use of motor wheels, there is no need for a transmission, which significantly reduces the weight of the construction, as well as reduces maintenance and repair costs. The article considers the issue of power distribution of engines of an autonomous electric vehicle based on four-wheel hub motor. A mathematical description of an electronic differential for an electric car based on two and four motor wheels based on the Ackerman control principle is also obtained. A digital simulation of the four-wheel drive electric vehicle system was carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink software. Transients are obtained in terms of the speed of rotation of the engine shaft and the torque on the engine shaft, which satisfy the requirements for overregulation and quickness of the system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper proposes a novel control scheme with a three-layer hierarchical structure to improve the cornering stability of the dual-motor rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicles with the electronic ...differential system (EDS). The proposed hierarchical structure for the control system includes the observing layer, control layer, and actuation layer. In the observing layer, the driver model is designed to obtain the nominal steering angle, and the state observer is designed to obtain the yaw angle which cannot be easily measured. Then, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and second order sliding mode control (SOSMC) are employed in the control layer. The SOSMC part is used to design the control law to eliminate the chattering problem in the sliding mode algorithm, and the PSO part is used to obtain the optimal weights in the sliding mode surface to meet the minimum sideslip angle error and yaw rate error. The actuation layer allocates the corrected yaw moment by distributing the driving force to each independent driving wheel. Finally, the numerical tests are carried out under the double line change (DLC) maneuver. The results show that the proposed control system can effectively improve the cornering stability of the dual-motor RWD vehicles and reduce their motor power consumption.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This article presents the DTC-SVM approach for controlling a sensorless speed induction motor. To implement this approach, a practical prototype is built using a microcontroller, an embedded GPS ...module, and a memory card to collect real-time data during the driving route, such as road geographical data, speed, and time. These data are then utilized in the laboratory to implement the control law (DTC-SVM) on the electric vehicle. The d-q model of the induction motor is first presented to explain the requirements for calculating the rotor speed. Then, an adaptive model reference system speed estimator is developed based on the rotor flux, along with a controller and DTC-SVM strategy, which are implemented using the dSpace 1104 board to achieve the desired performance. The simulation results demonstrate satisfactory speed regulation with the proposed system. In this study too, an electronic differential system is modeled for the four wheels of an electric vehicle equipped with an integrated motor, all controlled by the DTC-SVM strategy. Vehicle speed and electrical vehicle steering angle variations, as well as wheel speeds estimated by code system, are verified using MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this work we proposed a backstepping controller adapted by a fuzzy inference for the control of the electric vehicle with two motor wheel drives. This proposed combine controller has significantly ...improved control performance compared to conventional backstepping. The different speeds of the wheels are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process makes it possible to direct each driving wheel to any curve separately. Modeling and simulation are performed using the Matlab / Simulink tool to study the performance of the proposed controller.
Clinicians often lack the necessary expertise to differentially diagnose multiple underlying rare diseases (RDs) due to their complex and overlapping clinical features, leading to misdiagnoses and ...delayed treatments. The aim of this study is to develop a novel electronic differential diagnostic support system for RDs.
Through integrating two Bayesian diagnostic methods, a candidate list was generated with enhance clinical interpretability for the further Q&A based differential diagnosis (DDX). To achieve an efficient Q&A dialogue strategy, we introduce a novel metric named the adaptive information gain and Gini index (AIGGI) to evaluate the expected gain of interrogated phenotypes within real-time diagnostic states.
This DDX tool called RDmaster has been implemented as a web-based platform (http://rdmaster.nbscn.org/). A diagnostic trial involving 238 published RD patients revealed that RDmaster outperformed existing RD diagnostic tools, as well as ChatGPT, and was shown to enhance the diagnostic accuracy through its Q&A system.
The RDmaster offers an effective multi-omics differential diagnostic technique and outperforms existing tools and popular large language models, particularly enhancing differential diagnosis in collecting diagnostically beneficial phenotypes.
•A novel electronic differential diagnostic support system for rare disease via phenotype-oriented Q&A.•Integrates two Bayesian diagnostic methods for clinical interpretability.•A novel metric was designed to maximize the expected gain of interrogated phenotypes.•RDmaster shows significant diagnostic advantages over current approaches.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
10.
Design and Testing of Solar/Electric Cart Mil’shtein, S; Zinaddinov, M; Asthana, D N ...
Journal of physics. Conference series,
05/2021, Volume:
1921, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Abstract
In the current study we report design and testing of a light-weight electric/solar four-wheel drive cart capable of running at speeds in the order of 30mile/hour. The cart can carry 4 ...passengers and transport attached additional load of about 500 kg. The battery block consists of LiFePO
4
cells and provides 6000Watt power to 4 hub motor wheels, each of which are rated 1500Watt. The 600Watt solar array secured on the roof provides steady recharging for the lithium-ion batteries. The power distribution and control of hub motors is executed by special programmed microchip controllers and is very important for safe operation of this of four-wheel drive vehicle. The commercial MPPT charge controller is installed to operate the amount of power for battery recharging. During operation the battery recharge could be executed using power of solar panels. Willingness to minimize dependence on the grid which operates 120V 15A, has led us optimize the required tractive effort while minimizing the weight of the cart. The cost of experimental electric/solar four-wheel drive cart is presented by table 1. Many elements of discussed prototype are taken from the shelf, i.e. purchased at the market price. So, the commercial cost of such prototype in mass production is expected to be significantly cheaper.
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