The fight against the global phenomenon of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is carried out through a wide variety of international, regional and national instruments, although its ...effectiveness is not sufficient in view of the results obtained. The search for the most effective solution is currently under way. Among the possible models to adopt, some countries, such as Norway and Indonesia, have advocated for the criminalisation of IUU fishing. The EU has also opted for a management-based model to combat IUU fishing that relies on administrative sanctions, also leaving its Member States the option of adopting criminal sanctions. Subsequently, in the proposed recast Directive on environmental crime, the EU has not recognised IUU fishing as an either an environmental or autonomous crime, unless it converges with transnational organised crime and other associated crimes in the fisheries sector. The EU has promoted its model in non-member countries, and has contributed towards paving the way to a level playing field which comprises the most authoritative set of international legal instruments on IUU fishing, both soft and hard, established by the UN and FAO. Nevertheless, discussions are ongoing on the need to reform EU legal instruments to better contribute to the sustainable use of marine resources in the 21st century in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals as foreseen in the EU Green Deal.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Enforcement of environmental law does not have to be by enforcing criminal law which aims to punish but must be directed at restoring environmental sustainability. Restorative justice as a ...part of the renewal of criminal law enforcement. The research method used is normative juridical, with statutory and conceptual approach. As a breakthrough, the settlement of environmental crimes can be resolved through restorative justice. Mechanisms that can be carried out such as mediation and dialogue between parties are more effective so that environmental restoration is achieved and compensation for damages due to criminal acts is achieved. The inability of restorative justice to bind the parties involved, then prevention can be taken for corporate actors to be able to commit to implementing agreements such as the results of mediation, technical “naming and shaming” and not giving new business licenses issued by formal institutions.
Today, the environment and the planet's many species are facing an unparalleled threat, making the lives of societies vulnerable to significant threats to their existence. This has necessitated the ...need to protect the environment from such threats by codifying the criminalization of all environmentally harmful behaviours as well as other types of protection. This paper, entitled "Criminal protection of the environment and its contribution to sustainable development", is an attempt to capture aspects of criminal protection of the environment and its impact on sustainable development by addressing the role of domestic laws and international treaties in reducing environmental degradation. The study concluded with several recommendations, the environment for the future is vital to the survival and well-being of the global community and to preventing ecocide under the pretext of implementing sustainable development goals. There is an urgent need to protect the environment more effectively by punishing those who hurt it and the need to legalize it. Acts of ecocide as an international crime.
The article deals with economic environmental crime, i.e. those illegal attacks on the environment that are perceived as the most serious. Using the example of the Czech Republic, a post-communist ...state in Eastern Europe that joined the European Union, the main problems associated with its criminal prosecution are presented. As a result of the analysis, the key factors of insufficient prosecution of economic environmental crime are identified, i.e. in particular high latency, low clearance of registered suspicions, mild punishment and ineffectiveness of criminal repression against corporations. In conclusion, proposals are made for certain measures, both in terms of legislation and application practice, which would positively influence the above factors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Restorative justice is a way of responding to criminal offences by balancing the needs of the community, the victims and the offenders. It aims to bring all these parties together to collectively ...resolve the consequences of crime, including the harm caused, with a view to future generations. In the Indonesian legal system, restorative processes have not yet been used to deal with environmental crimes, despite a growing interest in exploring their potential. Therefore, this paper seeks to demon- strate that restorative justice solutions addressing environmental crimes benefit the victims, the offenders, the community and the environment. Further, these solutions may prove to be useful as well as additional discretion to local authorities for redressing the damage to the environment.
Modern environmental philosophy is a new type of philosophy for humans re-examining the relationship between man and nature and provides the value guidance for modern environmental law. China's ...environmental crime legislation has gone through the exploration period, establishment period, and optimization period. The environmental philosophy behind this is worth discussing and determines the direction China will take environmental crime in the future and whether China's environmental strategy can really be implemented. At present, the disputes about the environmental philosophy of environmental crime in China are mainly reflected in the contention between anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, and eco-anthropocentrism. There are radical risks of pure human centrism or pure ecological centrism, and these two theories struggle to serve as a value basis for environmental crime legislation. Although eco-anthropocentrism seems to be comprehensive, it is actually ambiguous, and it is still difficult to deal with the conflict between people and nature. In recent years, China has continuously emphasized the construction of ecological civilization construction and written this into the constitution. Therefore, in the environmental philosophy issues of environmental crimes in China, we should consider absorbing the advantages of anthropocentrism, ecocentrism, and eco-anthropocentrism, while taking the original Chinese ecological civilization philosophy as the value foundation.
The illegal harvest of marine species within exclusive economic zones can have a strong impact on the function of local ecosystems and livelihoods of coastal communities. The complexity of these ...problems is often overlooked in the development of solutions, leading to ineffective and sometimes harmful social and environmental outcomes. One‐dimensional, oversimplified perspectives can lead to conservation prescriptions that exacerbate social stressors. This is particularly critical in the case of international illegal trade of endangered, high‐value species, which generate a value chain in which artisanal fishers are the first operational and often the weakest link of an intricate web. We examined 2 illegal fisheries, totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus and Holothuria floridana), in Mexico. Although these are 2 separate and independent fisheries, important ecological (resource condition, fishery impacts at the ecosystem level) and social (governance, markets) similarities improve understanding of their complexity. Our findings are relevant globally and show the need for interdisciplinary decision‐making groups, community engagement, and the development of demand reduction measures.
Pesquerías Ilegales, Crímenes Ambientales y la Conservación de los Recursos Marinos
Resumen
La cosecha ilegal de especies marinas dentro de las zonas económicas exclusivas puede tener un impacto serio sobre la función de los ecosistemas locales y el economia de las comunidades costeras. La complejidad de estos problemas generalmente se ignora durante el desarrollo de soluciones, lo que conlleva a resultados ambientales y sociales poco efectivos y algunas veces dañinos. Las perspectivas unidimensionales y sobresimplificadas pueden derivar en prescripciones de conservación que empeoran las condiciones sociales sociales. Lo anterior es particularmente crítico para el caso del mercado ilegal de especies en peligro y de alto valor, lo que genera una cadena de valores en la que los pescadores tradicionales son el primer eslabón operativo y con frecuencia el más débil de una red intrincada. Examinamos dos pesquerías ilegales, la de la totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) y la del pepino de mar (Isostichopus badionotus y Holothuria floridana), en México. Aunque estas dos pesquerías son diferentes e independientes, las importantes similitudes ecológicas (estado del recurso, impactos de la pesquería a nivel de ecosistema) y sociales (governancia, mercados) mejoran el conocimiento de su complejidad. Nuestros hallazgos son relevantes a escala global y muestran la necesidad de tener grupos interdisciplinarios para tomar decisiones, la participación de la comunidad y el desarrollo de medidas para reducir la demanda por el producto pesquero.
摘要
在专属经济区内非法捕捞海洋生物会对当地生态系统功能和沿海社区生计产生严重影响。然而, 在制定解决办法时人们却往往会忽视这些问题的复杂性, 以致于产生无效甚至负面的社会和环境结果。单一维度、过于简化的观点可能会得出加剧社会压力的保护方案。这一点在高价值的濒危物种国际非法贸易中尤为重要, 因为这些贸易产生了一个价值链, 其中手工渔业是这个复杂网络中首个可操作的环节, 往往也是最薄弱的一环。本研究关注墨西哥的两个非法捕捞产业, 石首鱼(Totoaba macdonaldi)和海参(Isostichopus badionotus 及 Holothuria floridana)。虽然它们是两个独立的渔业产业, 但其在生态(可捕捞量高, 渔业在生态系统水平上的影响)和社会(犯罪组织的存在, 贫困)方面的相似性可以互相增进对其复杂性的理解。我们的研究结果具有全球意义, 表明了需要成立跨学科决策小组、推动社区参与和制定减少需求的措施来促进保护。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Article Impact Statement: Understanding the complexity of illegal fisheries and environmental crime is a key step in developing effective solutions.
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A ineficácia de medidas de responsabilização em caso de crimes ambientais que afetam o direito à vida, saúde e outros direitos fundamentais no cenário interno brasileiro, cabe ao Direito ...Internacional Ambiental apresentar possíveis alternativas no cenário internacional a fim de buscar meio de garantir medidas que tratem de uma maior proteção do meio ambiente, valor imprescindível. No Brasil, destaca-se nos últimos anos a ocorrência que tragédias socioambientais como o rompimento de barragens de mineração no Estado de Minas Gerais, o aumento das queimadas e desmatamento na Amazônia, a destruição de terras de comunidades ancestrais e indígenas, o aumento de problemas envolvendo danos ao meio ambiente nas cidades, o que tem levado à violação do direito à qualidade de vida das pessoas, dentre outros graves problemas e crimes ambientais. Neste contexto surge o movimento denominado Ecocídio, o qual representa os crimes e tragédias ambientais em grande escala. Assim, a presente pesquisa objetiva desenvolver uma análise sobre o Ecocídio no Brasil e as possíveis inovações sobre este tema no campo do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente. No campo metodológico, a pesquisa compreende um método de abordagem hipotético-dedutivo, com técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, na qual será utilizada a teoria e a legislação ambiental nacional e internacional envolvendo o Ecocídio e os principais documentos produzidos por órgãos internacionais como a Organização das Nações Unidas e relatórios do Tribunal Penal Internacional, órgão competente para o julgamento de casos de Ecocídio nos países que integram este sistema internacional. Considerando a relevância deste tribunal, será realizado um estudo sobre seus procedimentos e funcionamento. Neste sentido será verificada a possibilidade de se enquadrar tragédias ambientais ocorridas no Brasil, caracterizadas como Ecocídio a fim de se buscar a responsabilização internacional dos responsáveis pelos danos em tribunais internacionais, diante da baixa efetividade dos tribunais nacionais.
This essay introduces the concept of environmental crime in its multiple forms and highlights the ways both the crimes themselves and related legislations compound existing vulnerabilities and ...generate new ones within communities, most often in the so-called Global South.Importantly, the essay argues for environmental crime to be elevated above a conservation issue and instead be treated by policy makers and law enforcement agencies as an existential threat to human populations and, as such, be afforded a higher level of prioritisation.
