U radu se prikazuju različite vrste epidemija zaraznih bolesti, a posebno kuge koja je u više navrata prodrla na područje Habsburške Monarhije. Kako bi se zaštitila bečka prijestolnica i drugi ...dijelovi Carevine, od osobite je važnosti bila Slavonija kao pogranična regija koja je bila ključna u obrani od zaraznih bolesti što su dolazile iz Osmanskog Carstva. Zbog toga se u radu osobita pozornost posvećuje gradskim sanitarnim vijećima i novoosnovanim austrijskim i ugarskim zdravstvenim vijećima. U nastavku teksta objašnjavaju se važnost i uloga (stalnog) sanitarnog kordona te karantenskih jedinica, odnosno kontumaca i raštela. Naposljetku se navode odluke proizašle iz arhivskoga fonda Poglavarstvo Slobodnog i kraljevskog grada Osijeka iz kojih se saznaje kako je Ugarsko namjesničko vijeće zajedno s gradskim vlastima u Slavoniji reguliralo zarazne bolesti.
This article presents different types of epidemics caused by an infectious disease, in particular the plague, which hit the Habsburg Monarchy several times. To protect the capital Vienna, Slavonia, as a border region, was an extremely important area for the defence against infectious diseases from the Ottoman Empire. For this reason, a separate section in this article is devoted to the sanitary councils in the cities and the newly founded Austrian and Hungarian health councils. Further, the role of the (permanent) sanitary cordons and quarantine units is explained. Finally, decisions from the archives of the Free and Royal City of Osijek are mentioned, which contain a lot of information about the crucial role of the Royal Hungarian Protectorate and its cooperation with the municipal authorities in regulating infectious diseases in Slavonia.
Poredbom
dubrovačkih izvora za drugu polovinu 14. stoljeća ustanovljeno je da se
kroničarski opisi epidemija koje su u to vrijeme pogodile Dubrovnik moraju
uzimati s rezervom. Nužna je provjera ...podataka koje donose dubrovačke kronike,
i to poglavito sučeljavanjem s podacima sadržanim u suvremenim zapisnicima
dubrovačkih vijeća. Nažalost, za dio godina u promatranom razdoblju ti
zapisnici nisu sačuvani, no kao „kontrolni element” provjere točnosti
kroničarskih zapisa mogu poslužiti oporuke, čija je brojnost rasla upravo u
godinama kad je Grad pogodila epidemija.
A comparison of various Dubrovnik sources relevant for
the second half of the 14th century has established that the chroniclers’
records of epidemics that struck Dubrovnik during that time must be taken with
a grain of salt. It is necessary to double-check the data provided by the
Dubrovnik chronicles, especially by juxtaposing them with the information
provided by the minutes of Dubrovnik’s councils from the same period.
Unfortunately, such records have not been preserved for a part of the observed
period, but last wills can be used as another “corrective” for the accuracy of the
chroniclers’ records, as their number increased in the years when the City was
struck by the epidemic.
Sistematskom obradom matičnih knjiga rođenih, vjenčanih i umrlih te Stališa duša za Veli Brgud, kao i obradom brojnih drugih povijesnih izvora, autor je prikupio mnoštvo podataka o životu, ...epidemijama i brojnim nesrećama koje su obilježile živote stanovnika ovog mjesta tijekom 19. stoljeća te ovim radom navedene podatke čini dostupnima i široj javnosti. Veli Brgud i danas se sjeća samo jedne od tih epidemija i nesreća, kolere iz 1855. godine, a na druge se potpuno zaboravilo. Prikazane su epidemije i nesreće koje oslikavaju težak život sela tijekom 19. stoljeća. Usto se upravo na primjeru kolere daje i uvid u rad tadašnjih vlasti na prevenciji i zaštiti od širenja zaraza za koji i s vremenske distance od gotovo 170 godina možemo reći da je bio učinkovit.
The authorʼs systematic analysis of the registers of births, marriages, and deaths and the Status Animarum for Veli Brgud, as well as analysis of numerous other historical sources gathered a lot of data about life, epidemics, and many disasters that marked the lives of the village residents during the 19th century. This paper serves to present the information to the general public. Veli Brgud still remembers only one of those epidemics and disasters – the 1855 cholera, while others are completely forgotten. The paper tackles epidemics and disasters that depict the difficult life of the village during the 19th century. Additionally, the example of cholera serves to give an insight into the functioning of the then authorities on prevention and protection against the spread of infections, which can be deemed effective even from a time distance of almost 170 years.
U radu se donosi pregled epidemija kuge u dubrovačkom zaleđu tijekom 17., 18. i 19. stoljeća i njihove refleksije na dubrovačko područje. Na temelju rijetkih i šturih vrela te objavljene literature ...analiziraju se posljedice epidemija u zaleđu i načini kako se tamošnje stanovništvo borilo protiv epidemija kuge. Analizirane su i mjere i načini kako su se Dubrovčani branili od širenja tih epidemija te koje su protuepidemijske mjere poduzimali kako se zaraze ne bi proširile preko granice na njihovo područje. Na primjeru nekoliko slučajeva vidi se što su sve Dubrovčani poduzimali kako bi zarazu zaustavili na granici, s obzirom na to da je ona skoro pa stalno prijetila da se s područja Osmanskog Carstva proširi na područje Republike. U radu je poseban naglasak stavljen na ulogu Zdravstvenog ureda koji je u Dubrovniku osnovan još u 14. stoljeću te revolucionarne protuepidemijske mjere – karantene, kao vrlo učinkovite mjere od širenja epidemija.
Posljednjih su stoljeća razarajuće za Grke bile epidemije kuge, boginja, gube i kolere. Godine 1816. kuga je pogodila otoke u Jonskom i Egejskom moru, kopnenu Grčku, Konstantinopol i Smirnu. Mlečani ...koji su vladali Jonskim otocima uspješno su se borili protiv kuge, za razliku od Osmanlija koji su upravljali ostalim regijama. Godine 1922. kuga se pojavila kod prognanika iz Patra, koje su Turci protjerali iz Smirne i Male Azije. Cijepljenje protiv malih
boginja najprije je provedeno u Tesali i izvodile su ga grčke žene, a grčki liječnici Emmanouel Timonis (1713., Oxford) i Jakovos Pylarinos (1715., Venecija) napisali su relevantne znanstvene publikacije. Prva kolonija gubavaca otvorena je na otoku Chiosu. Na Kreti je Spinalonga pretvorena u otok gubavaca koji je nakon rata za nezavisnost protiv turske okupacije i ujedinjenja Krete s Grčkom 1913. bio klasificiran kao Međunarodna bolnica za gubavce. Kolera je pogodila Grčku 1853. – 1854., a donijeli su je francuski vojnici tijekom Krimskog rata i opet tijekom balkanskih ratova (1912. – 1913.) kada su bugarske postrojbe donijele koleru u sjevernu Grčku.
Zbog uzastopnih ratova medicinska pomoć nije bila uvijek dostupna, tako da su se očajni ljudi više puta okretali religiji procesijama u čast lokalnih svetaca, za svoj spas u vrijeme epidemija.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper aims at supplementing previous knowledge about the sanitary corridor on the border with the Ottoman Empire, which included quarantines, chardaks, and rastella, and extended from the ...Croatian Littoral to Hungary, with a special focus on the trade centre and fortress of Gradiška on the river Sava. Based on the archival sources, including newspapers and unpublished plans of quarantines and rastella built next to the frontier fortress of Gradiška during the 18th and 19th centuries, the paper presents the way in which the quarantine functioned in the mid-18th century, before it was abandoned towards the end of the century, as well as the emergence of rastella and the organization of the first hospitals. At the end of the 18th century, health care was organized inside the fortress, in the form of a garrison hospital, which is documented around 1780 in Stara Gradiška. Based on the public health legacy of the quarantine and the garrison hospital, and due to the efforts of Franjo Horak, Colonel of the Gradiška Regiment, a regiment hospital was built in Nova Gradiška in 1842. The military public health infrastructure was inherited by the civilian administration and the hospital of Nova Gradiška became a county hospital at the end of the 19th century.
The plague epidemics that ravaged the Habsburg Monarchy from 1677 to 1716 strongly influenced the development of health institutions and the organization of a public health system. Primarily, there ...was a need to employ a larger number of educated medical doctors and to establish institutions that would deal with health and epidemiological issues, especially during the epidemics. In 1710, Emperor Joseph I established the Court Sanitary Commission (Sanitäts-Hofkommission), which would soon become the central public health institution in the Habsburg Monarchy. Research of historical documents has shown that two other institutions were especially important for the Croatian-Slavonian lands during the epidemic of 1708-1716: the Court War Council in Vienna, and from 1710 the Hauptdeputation in Contagionssachen in Graz. It is evident from the mentioned documents that the Deputation, as the main (Haupt-) Inner Austrian anti-epidemic institution, also coordinated the anti-epidemic activities in Banal Croatia and the Varaždin Generalate. The plague epidemic in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1708 to 1716 is very important in this sense, because the experience and structure of the anti-epidemic system built at that time were the basis for the establishment of a later permanent system of Sanitary Commissions and Sanitary Cordon, which began in the 1730s and was fully formed with the enactment of the General Health Act (Generale Normativum in Re Sanitatis) in 1770. These experiences proved to be especially useful for Banal Croatia, which was not affected by the plague epidemic of 1708-1716 due to the anti-epidemic measures.
Sredinom 18. stoljeća na prostoru Hrvatsko-slavonske vojne krajine uspostavljeno je ukupno 11 krajiških pukovnija, vojnih, ali ujedno i teritorijalno-upravnih jedinica. Iako je glavna misao vodilja ...pri tom reformskom procesu koji su provodile središnje bečke vlasti bila u što većoj mjeri ujednačiti položaj krajišnika koji su nastanjivali taj golemi prostor koji se protezao uz granicu s Osmanskim Carstvom, pojedina krajiška područja su ipak u određenom pogledu zadržala svoju posebnost. U tome smislu Lička se pukovnija isticala kao jedino krajiško područje čije su se granice prostirale uz posjede čak dviju imperijalnih sila – Mletačke Republike i Osmanskog Carstva. Nadalje, radilo se o jednom od najslabije razvijenih krajiških područja u gospodarskom smislu, ponajviše zbog oskudice obradivog tla u tom brdovitom kraju. Međutim, karakteristično je također da je s toga teritorija potekao izuzetno kvalitetan vojni kadar koji je služio u habsburškoj vojsci. Vojna služba imala je i utjecaj na zdravlje ličkih krajišnika, što je i središnja tema ovoga rada. Na primjeru Ličke pukovnije razmotrit će se utjecaj zaraznih bolesti na živote krajišnika, kao i uloga ličkih krajišnika u sklopu habsburškog sanitarnog kordona tijekom 18. i 19. stoljeća.
In the middle of the eighteenth century, a reorganization of the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier took place, which resulted in the establishment of eleven Grenzer regiments, designed to function both as military and territorial units. Although the guiding thought behind the reform carried out by the central authorities in Vienna was to integrate as much as possible the diverse Grenzer areas stretching along the border between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, certain regimental territories remained specific due to their characteristic features. In this regard, the Lika Regiment stood out as the only area in the entire Military Frontier which faced the lands of two imperial powers – the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, this was one of the most economically underdeveloped Grenzer areas, because unfavorable climate and terrain contributed to the scarcity of arable land. However, this territory also constituted a valuable recruitment ground for the Habsburg armies. All these factors had a significant impact on the health of the inhabitants of the area, which is the main focus of this paper. On the example of the Lika Regiment, the paper will give an overview of the impact that infectious diseases had on the lives of local inhabitants, as well as of the role that the Lika Grenzer played within the Habsburg Sanitary Cordon during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
Ospice su virusna bolest čije su glavne značajke vrlo visoka kontagioznost, pojava karakterističnog osipa, prolazna supresija imunološkog sustava i relativno česte komplikacije vezane uz dišni i ...središnji živčani sustav. Pronalaskom učinkovitog cjepiva i njegovom uporabom incidencija ove bolesti u svijetu značajno se smanjila, a u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama 2000. godine proglašena je eliminacija ospica. U Europi se u posljednjih 6 godina incidencija smanjila za 90 %, ali se povremene epidemije još uvijek detektiraju. U nerazvijenom dijelu svijeta ospice su još uvijek jedan od vodećih uzročnika smrti u djece, a u razvijenom dijelu svijeta ospice se javljaju u necijepljenih osoba mlađe i srednje životne dobi i predstavljaju javnozdravstveni izazov na globalnoj razini. U Hrvatskoj je obavezno cijepljenje uvedeno 1969. godine. Posljednjih 20-ak godina godišnje se detektira desetak slučajeva s povremenim manjim epidemijama uzrokovanim importiranim virusima. Veća epidemija s ukupno 220 prijavljenih slučajeva zabilježena je 2014./2015. godine. Detekcija kliničkih slučajeva, epidemiološki nadzor i laboratorijska potvrda ospica, koja uključuje genotipizaciju virusa, ključni su postupci pri otkrivanju izvora infekcije i praćenju puta prijenosa.
In this article, the author examines the appearance of plague epidemics in the Dalmatian commune of Šibenik in the late medieval period, from the Black Death in 1348 until the end of the fifteenth ...century. The analysis is based on the research of data from Šibenik’s statutory law – statutory decrees and later added novels (reformationes) – of the diplomatic relations and commissions between the Venetian central authorities and the commune of Šibenik, and of various communal published and unpublished sources. Yet, the most valuable data are the communal notary records, primarily last wills and inventories of goods, which enable the punctual examination of places where the plague epidemics raged in certain periods (villages, city, islands in the district). Last wills and inventories of goods are extremely valuable in establishing the beginning and ending of plague epidemics because they contain data on the dates of recording the wills, the death of testators, and the composing of inventories. These sources also allow us to examine the duration of plague epidemics. Thus, we know that some plague epidemics in the commune of Šibenik lasted for several months while others raged for one or even two years. The research has shown that the outbreaks of plague epidemics occurred much more frequently than has been hitherto assumed, either in the city of Šibenik or in the villages of its densely populated district. In any case, the research has shown that plague epidemic in the fifteenth-century commune of Šibenik appeared much more frequent than it has been considered until now. The author also discusses the health protection measures undertaken by the central Venetian and communal Šibenik authorities to prevent the spreading of plague epidemics, particularly within the city walls. The sources, especially last wills and inventories of goods, but also some other types of notary deeds, statutory law and its novels, as well as the ducales issued by the central Venetian government and decrees issued by the communal authorities, clearly show that the commune of Šibenik implemented the same healthy, medical, and hygiene measures available at the time as other European urban-rural societies. Deceased persons, as well as members of their nuclear families, were immediately put into isolation outside the city walls and situated in empty houses in the surrounding villages. The communal authorities, patricians, rich merchants, and members of clergy likewise found refugee in villages within the communal district or in their houses and palaces on communal islands.
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