The paper focuses on the analysis of the status of the epithet in the contemporary literary text of K. Ishiguro. The pertinence of the study stems from the fact that in Western linguistics, there is ...no tradition to consider the epithet as a distinct and independent stylistic means, and its main features have not been widely distinguished; in some cases, researchers endow the epithet with the function of the characters’ personality description. The problem of how the epithet claims an auxiliary role as an image-creating element of language is disclosed. The analysis showed that the type of epithet used is directly related to the character or thing being described and the ideological intent of the work, while the predominance of evaluative epithets of ethical assessment is due to the way of narration. The frequency of using one or another type of epithet in the novel Never Let Me Go in creating a particular imagery element may vary, in the climactic scenes more complex expressive epithets perform the function of hyperbolization predominate. A comprehensive analysis showed that the epithet has the right to be recognized as an imagery related unit, since this stylistic tool demonstrates a distinct distribution in heroes, objects, places and nature descriptions.
ur study focuses on the cult of Apollo Didymeus in the Milesian colonies of the Propontis and the Euxine Pontus. The sanctuary at Didyma, a toponym of Carian origin, was one of the main centers of ...the cult of Apollo in Asia Minor. The cult of Apollo would have been established in Didyma sometime between the 11th and 8th centuries BC., during which Apollo would probably have adopted the Didymeus epiclesis, derived from the homonymous toponym. Beginning in the Archaic period, Milesian territory included the famous sanctuary of Apollo at Didyma, a settlement located 18 km south of Miletus. The importance of the sanctuary at Didyma resides in the major role it played in the colonization movement initiated by Miletus, around 700 BC, under the patronage of Apollo Didymeus. The name of Apollo from Didyma is associated with a multitude of epiclesis: Didymeus or occasionally Didymaios, Branchidai (Branchides, Branchiades, etc.), Branchios. Hekatos is one of the ancient cult epiclesis of Apollo the Didymean. The name Hekatos is used to denote the oracle god of Didyma. Apollo from Didyma is worshiped in the posture of Ἀρχηγέτης which means «founder». The term archegetes is synonymous with oïkistes and designates the leader of the colonists who is at the same time the founder of a colony. Archegetes also functions as Apollo’s cult epiclesis. Apollo Didymeus is worshiped with the epiclesis Προκαθηγεμών. This epithet characterizes Apollo of Didyma in his function as ruler, master and protective deity of the city. Apollo of Didyma is worshiped in the pose of Philesios / Philios which refers to the relationship between Apollo and Branchos, the founder of the oracle of Didyma. The bronze statue of Apollo of Didyma or Apollo Philesios, executed in the 6th century BC by the Peloponnesian sculptor Canachos of Sicyon, served as a cult image of Didyma until the Imperial era. The name of Apollo Didymeus appears on a bone plaque found at Berezan, dating from the third quarter of the 6th century BC. According to A. S. Rusjaeva and W. Burkert, the text of this inscription is a copy – probably private – of an oracle regarding the foundation of Olbia, issued by the sanctuary of Apollo Didymeus Milesius of Didyma. At Istros there is so far no definite evidence of the existence of the cult of Apollo Didymeus. And in the case of Apollonia Pontica it is expected that the oracle of Didyma played a special role in the foundation of the city. In this context, it is therefore plausible that the cult of Apollo Didymeus was transferred to Apollonia directly from Didyma. The very presence of the temple of Apollon Hégèmôn at Phasis is a direct testimony to the existence of the cult of Apollo Didymeus in this city, a cult that had been imported from the metropolis of Miletus. It is expected that this cult of Apollo Didymeus of Phasis was closely connected with the foundation of the colony in the first half of the 6th century BC. The Oracle of Apollo Didymeus sanctioned the founding of Cyzicus by Milesian colonists. In the Milesian colonies, as in Miletus, Apollo Didymeus fulfills the function of guarantor and initiator of the colonial movement and, at the same time, leader, master and protective deity of the newly established cities.
Epitetul ca formă specifică de „a face o calificare” este cunoscut demult. Istoria lui începe din momentul când homo sapiens a început să facă calificări și clasificări de calitate: bun, rău, gras, ...scund, ostil, prietenos, bucuros, nenorocit.Epitetul a fost și mai rămâne o „figură” prezentă în toate stilurile funcționale. Limbajul popular și cel familiar au epitetele lor, care în dicționare sunt marcate cu siglele pop., fam. Cel literar venerează epitetul rafinat, șlefuit, nesteriotipat. El este căutat cu răbdare și tinde mereu spre individualizarea imaginației. Sigla acestuia este lit. și livr.În ultimul timp stilurile funcționale aproape că sunt abandonate de cercetători în favoarea discursurilor. Tot mai des întâlnim studii ale discursului juridic, politic, diplomatic, academic, științific, etc.E clar că fiecare discurs are sistemul său de tropi și de figuri stilistice. Cercetările pe care le facem noi la capitolul „epitet-calificativ” ne dau posibilitatea să afirmăm că în discursul diplomatic epitetul are un rol și funcție aparte: pe de o parte, ele eufemizează calitatea; pe de altă parte, deturnează sensul acestuia spre ambiguitate ori tabuizare. Desigur, frontierele epitetului nu sunt strict inviolabile, rigide; acesta poate fi ușor deplasat dintr-un discurs în altul.Un aspect aparte în problematica epitetului îl ocupă locul ecestuia (place de l’adjectif épithète), care în limbile romanice a fost minuțios studiat în fiecare limbă aparte. O cercetare cu caracter contrastiv-comparativ a epitetului în mai multe limbi romanice ne lipsește încă.Interesul persuasiv și accesibilitatea discursului diplomatic se leagă și de utilizarea adjectivelor în sensuri conotative rafinate. Se recurge la mijloace retorice afective în care adjectivul are menirea de a voala - devoala patosul discursului.Adjectivele discursului diplomatic au o funcție întâi de toate evaluativă. Discursul diplomatic cu largă adresabilitate face apel la valori subtile, general umane; ele au o încărcătură conotativă sporită, chiar ridicată: viața internațională, cooperarea, pacea, religia etc. THE EPITHET AND THE SIMPLE QUALIFIER IN THE CONTEMPORARY DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSEThe epithet as a specific form of "making a qualification" has long been known. Its history started when the homo sapiens began to make qualification and quality classification: good, bad, fat, short, hostile, friendly, happy, miserable.The epithet was and still is a "figure" present in all functional styles. Popular and familiar languages have their epithets, which in the dictionary are marked as pop. fam. The literary one venerates the refined, polished, non-stereotyped epithet. It is patiently searched and always strives to individualize the imagination. Its mark is lit. and bookish.Lately, functional styles are almost abandoned by researchers in favor of discourses. We see more and more studies of the legal, political, diplomatic, academic, scientific etc. discourse.It is clear that each discourse has its own system of tropes and stylistic figures. The research we do in the chapter "epithet-qualificative" gives us the possibility to affirm that in the diplomatic discourse the epithets have a special role and function: on the one hand, they euphemize the quality, on the other hand they divert its meaning towards ambiguity or taboo. Of course, the borders of the epithet are not strictly inviolable, rigid; it can be easily moved from one discourse to another.A particular aspect of the epithet's issue is its place (place de l 'adjectif épithète), which in Romanic languages has been thoroughly studied in each particular language. A contrastive-comparative research of the epithet in several Romance languages is still missing.The persuasive interest and the accessibility of the diplomatic discourse also relate to the use of adjectives in refined connotative meanings. We resort to affective rhetorical means in which the adjective is meant to veil - devour the pathos of speech.The adjectives of diplomatic discourse have first and foremost an evaluative function. The diplomatic discourse with wide addressability calls for subtle, generally human values; they have an increased, even high, connotative load: international life, cooperation, peace, religion, etc.
Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 (Approved Lists 1980) and Klebsiella mobilis Bascomb et al. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980) were placed on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and were ...based on the same nomenclatural type, ATCC 13048. Consequently they are to be treated as homotypic synonyms. However, the names of homotypic synonyms at the rank of species normally are based on the same epithet. Examination of the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria in force at the time indicates that the epithet mobilis in Klebsiella mobilis Bascomb et al. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980) was illegitimate at the time the Approved Lists were published and according to the Rules of the current International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes continues to be illegitimate.
This article considers the phenomenon of emotional evaluation in sports media discourse, with a particular focus on its stylistic features in the English and Italian languages. The topic has received ...much attention recently due to the growing interest both in sports and in the ways emotional evaluation is expressed in different types of discourse. Our study is based on sports media texts published by 17 English newspapers and 11 Italian periodicals during the 2020 UEFA European Championship. Continuous sampling revealed 1444 cases of emotional evaluation expressed by means of epithets: 720 and 724 units in the English and Italian texts, respectively. A comparative survey of the language units selected as the ones expressing the subjective attitudes of the authors of the newspaper articles was conducted. The textual features of the newspaper articles were examined. The meaning of each unit and its most likely semantic interpretation were determined by the method of semantic analysis. The contextual use of the units was revealed by the method of contrastive stylistic analysis. The obtained results led to a number of generalizations. They demonstrated that epithets are widely used to express emotional evaluations and thus effectively influence interlocutors in sports media discourse. Furthermore, the comparative analysis showed that English and Italian linguistic cultures are generally similar in terms of expressing subjective evaluations, both positive and negative, which could indicate the universality of sports events coverage and commentary. Finally, we found that the models of emotional evaluation typical of sports discourse that are based on the use of epithets can be considered universal categories employed to describe other stylistic devices and tropes as well.
The Adjective: Contrastive Study in French and in Arabic
The lexical morpheme, variable in gender and number through linguistic agreement (AGR) or declension, holds a crucial position in the two ...inflected languages under examination: Arabic, an Afro-Asiatic language of the Semitic family, and French, a Romance language with synthetic characteristics. This study draws inspiration from the works of eminent linguists, including Blachère and Gaudefroy-Demombynes (1975), Béchade (1994), Al-Hakkak (1996), and others. It also incorporates insights from contrastive studies, a linguistic branch that emerged in the 1950s to enhance the teaching and learning of foreign languages by addressing language interference through the exploration of inter-linguistic structural differences. This study, designed to assist learners and translators in comprehending the affinities and deviations between French and Arabic, delves into the use of adjectives in context. It particularly focuses on the qualifying adjective as a discourse component falling within the class of apparent nouns, in contrast to implicit nouns. This lemma or lexical unit serves to describe, characterize, specify, and indicate certain properties of animate or inanimate beings. It represents the grammatical class bestowing identity upon a person, animal, or object, attaching a positive, negative, or neutral label that imparts a value judgment. In French, the qualifying adjective encompasses various types, including relational, nominal, compound, verbal, and syntagmatic. In Arabic, it takes on verbal and denominative forms, assimilated to the verb. Morphologically, French features prefixed, suffixed, and unsuffixed adjectives, while Arabic presents adjectives crafted from a multitude of forms. Regardless of the linguistic context, the qualifying adjective, matching in gender and number the noun or pronoun to which it refers, can assume multiple functions within morphosyntactic structures. It can act as an epithet, whether anteposed or postposed, with graphic, phonic, strict, or floating agreement or concord (instances of inflection), serve as an attribute linked to the subject by a copular verb, or be affixed. Additionally, qualifying adjectives can convey varying degrees of intensity using phrasal adverbs or adverbs of comparison.
Transferred epithet can be regarded as a reflection of semantic markedness since the modifier and the modified conflict with each other and lead to semantic deviation; yet the corresponding ...processing mechanism is less studied. The present study examined the neurocognitive mechanism of Chinese transferred epithet comprehension by employing ERP technique from the perspective of Iconicity of Markedness. Participants were required to read materials with different types of semantic markedness, namely unmarked linguistic expression (literal sentences) and marked linguistic expression (transferred epithets), and then judge whether the targets were words or pseudo-words. In terms of semantic markedness, the targets are words reflecting the unmarked semantic meaning of literal sentences and marked semantic meaning of transferred epithets respectively. The target words after transferred epithets elicited a larger N400 and a smaller LPC than those in literal sentences. These results suggest that processing sentences with marked and unmarked iconicity involve different neural mechanisms, with the former requiring more cognitive efforts to extract the similarity features.
The article deals with the peculiarities of epithets translation in the advertising texts for children’s goods which are determined by the necessity of correct manipulative intentional message ...rendering. Epithets are regarded by the authors of the article as actualizers of mass recipients’ manipulation targets which are used by text producers for necessary perlocutionary effect achieving. Human vital needs, some basic emotions and parental instinct are specified as basic mass recipients’ manipulation targets. The goal of the article is to reveal the main peculiarities of epithets translation in the advertising texts for children’s goods being the actualizers of certain manipulation targets. The article is relevant as studying of translation strategy of advertising texts from the point of view of their intentional equivalents on all the speech act levels is not widely studied yet.
Background. Thorough level by level analysis of the manipulative speech acts of advertising texts is necessary for achieving equivalent and adequate variants of manipulative texts translations through revealing certain manipulation targets actualizers which are epithets.
Purpose. Peculiarities of epithets translation in the texts of advertising goods for children are revealed and studied in the article. Epithets are regarded in the article as specific manipulation targets actualizers which function in the advertisements.
Materials and methods. The material of the study is a bulk of the advertising texts for children’s goods which are posted on the official websites of these goods on the Internet. Intentional analysis and translation analysis of the text are used in the study.
Results. As a result of the study the role of epithets as a significant means of actualizing certain mass recipient manipulation targets in the texts of advertising goods for children was proved. The results show that preservation of the translated advertising text content is achieved through using epithets which actualize the same targets of manipulation as in the original text: parental instinct, basic emotions and the anticipation of the social ideal realization. This preservation of intentional message in the texts under study becomes one of the main skills of a translator or interpreter.
Practical implications. The results of the study can be used while teaching practice of translation in the universities and in the process of preparing recommendation on advertising texts translation.
This paper deals with derivational and semantic problems of diminutive epithets of animals. Such words are usually used in Lithuanian folk songs for domestic or wild animals, first of all, for a ...horse and a hare. They have been produced with nine different diminutive suffixes, most popular among them were -elis and -ėlis. In most cases diminutive epithets of animals have been produced from suffixal derivatives or compound words (jautelis baubuolėlis, gegutytė pilkuolytė, kurmelis žemrausėlis, ančiukai raibaplunksnėliai). The most common motivation features of such words was the color of the animal (kiškelis baltužėlis, žirgelis sartonėlis), its body parts (ožkutė rudakutė, zuikelis statausėlis), its typical actions (katinėlis repečkėlis, laputė čiuženutė).
PDF
