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The under-representation of non-White participants in Western countries in clinical research has received increased attention, due to recognized physiological differences between ethnic groups, which ... may affect the efficacy and optimal dosage of some treatments. This review assessed ethnic diversity in pharmaceutical trials for fibromyalgia, a poorly understood chronic pain disorder. We also investigated longitudinal change to non-White participant proportions in trials and non-White participants' likelihood to discontinue with fibromyalgia research between trial stages (retention). First, we identified relevant trials conducted in the United States and Canada between 2000 and 2022, by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases. In trials conducted both across the United States and Canada, and exclusively within the United States, approximately 90% of participants were White. A longitudinal analysis also found no change in the proportion of non-White participants in trials conducted across the United States and Canada between 2000 and 2022. Finally, we found no significant differences in trial retention between White and non-White participants. This review highlights the low numbers of ethnic minorities in fibromyalgia trials conducted in the United States and Canada, with no change to these proportions over the past 22 years. Furthermore, non-White participants were not more likely to discontinue with the fibromyalgia research once they were recruited. more

•Investigate ethnic minority households access mortgages in the UK in the period after the Great Financial Crisis (GFC).•Use a large dataset of 20,121 households.•Find that Black households are less ... likely to obtain mortgages in comparison to economically similar White households.•Black households’ inability to access mortgages have deteriorated in the post-GFC period. We examine whether households from ethnic minorities have the same ability to access mortgages in the UK in the period after the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009. Using a large sample of 20,120 households, we find that Black households are less likely to obtain mortgages in comparison to economically similar White households. Comparing our results to previous studies’ findings, we argue that Black households’ inability to access mortgages have deteriorated further in the post-GFC period. more

Trauma‐exposed veterans receiving mental health care may have an elevated risk of experiencing COVID‐19–related difficulties. Using data from several ongoing clinical trials (N = 458), this study ... examined exposure to COVID‐19–related stressors and their associations with key sociodemographic factors and mental health outcomes. The results showed that exposure to COVID‐19–related stressors was common, higher among veterans who were racial/ethnic minorities d = 0.32, and associated with elevated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), r = .288, and depressive symptom severity, r = .246. Women veterans experienced more difficulty accessing social support, d = 0.31, and higher levels of COVID‐19–related distress, d = 0.31, than men. Qualitative data were consistent with survey findings and highlighted the broader societal context in veterans’ experience of COVID‐19–related distress. These findings may inform future research on the impact of the pandemic on veterans, particularly those who are women and members of minoritized racial/ethnic groups, as well as mental health treatment planning for this population. more

Some theories suggest that ethnic minority students who anticipate discrimination in the labour market may invest more in easily observable human capital, such as education, to signal their ... productivity to employers. Empirical research has been hampered, however, by a lack of direct information on anticipated labour market treatment. We link ethnic minority student expectations of facing discrimination in the labour market to subsequent performance in high-stakes certificated national exams in England. Our findings suggest that anticipating labour market discrimination is associated with better exam performance, consistent with the view that students are seeking to counteract potential future penalties. more

ABSTRACTThere is clear and consistent evidence that regular physical activity is an important component of healthy lifestyles and fundamental to promoting health and preventing disease. Despite the ... known benefits of physical activity participation, many people in the United States remain inactive. More specifically, physical activity behavior is socially patterned with lower participation rates among women; racial/ethnic minorities; sexual minority youth; individuals with less education; persons with physical, mental, and cognitive disabilities; individuals >65 yr of age; and those living in the southeast region of the United States. Many health-related outcomes follow a pattern that is similar to physical activity participation. In response to the problem of inequities in physical activity and overall health in the United States, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has developed a national roadmap that supports achieving health equity through a physically active lifestyle. The actionable, integrated pathways that provide the foundation of ACSM’s roadmap include the following1) communication—raising awareness of the issue and magnitude of health inequities and conveying the power of physical activity in promoting health equity; 2) education—developing educational resources to improve cultural competency for health care providers and fitness professionals as well as developing new community-based programs for lay health workers; 3) collaboration—building partnerships and programs that integrate existing infrastructures and leverage institutional knowledge, reach, and voices of public, private, and community organizations; and 4) evaluation—ensuring that ACSM attains measurable progress in reducing physical activity disparities to promote health equity. This article provides a conceptual overview of these four pathways of ACSM’s roadmap, an understanding of the challenges and advantages of implementing these components, and the organizational and economic benefits of achieving health equity. more

In many Western countries, the proportion of the population that is White will drop below 50% within the next century. Two experiments examined how anticipation of these future ethnic demographics ... affects current intergroup processes. In Study 1, White Americans who viewed actual demographic projections for a time when Whites are no longer a numerical majority felt more angry toward and fearful of ethnic minorities than Whites who did not view future projections. Whites who viewed the future projections also felt more sympathy for their ingroup than Whites in the control condition. In Study 2, the authors replicated the effects for intergroup emotions with a sample of White Canadians. White Canadians who thought about a future in which Whites were a numerical minority appraised the ingroup as more threatened, which mediated the effect of condition on intergroup emotions. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for race relations in increasingly diverse societies. more

review of: Wolfgang Benz: Sinti und Roma: Die unerwünschte Minderheit. Über das Vorurteil Antiziganismus, Berlin, Metropol-Verlag 2014, 316 pp.

This study proposes a shift in sociology’s approach to urban ecology. Rather than foreground the social ecologies that captivated the Chicago and Los Angeles Schools, we join and extend more recent ... efforts to engage environmental ecologies that successively intersect with those social ecologies over time. To ground our approach, we focus on areas of urban flooding where federally subsidized buyouts of residential properties have occurred over recent decades. Drawing on data from Houston, Texas, we locate where these buyout zones have emerged and how their social ecologies have changed in ways that feed back to influence the number of local buyouts that occur. Results indicate that Houston’s buyout zones have an identifiable social ecology that has shifted over time, primarily from white to Hispanic working-class settlement as the city has grown and become more racially and ethnically diverse. Results also show that the extent to which this racial succession has occurred powerfully predicts subsequent numbers of buyouts in the area. Implications for developing an enhanced urban ecology for the twenty-first century are discussed. more

In 2004, Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh was brutally murdered on a busy Amsterdam street. His killer was Mohammed Bouyeri, a twenty-six-year-old Dutch Moroccan offended by van Gogh's controversial ... film about Muslim suppression of women. The Dutch government had funded separate schools, housing projects, broadcast media, and community organizations for Muslim immigrants, all under the umbrella of multiculturalism. But the reality of terrorism and radicalization of Muslim immigrants has shattered that dream. In this arresting book, Paul Sniderman and Louk Hagendoorn demonstrate that there are deep conflicts of values in the Netherlands. In the eyes of the Dutch, for example, Muslims oppress women, treating them as inferior to men. In the eyes of Muslim immigrants, Western Europeans deny women the respect they deserve. Western Europe has become a cultural conflict zone. Two ways of life are colliding. more

目的:调查云南省西双版纳傣族自治州傣族、哈尼族、拉祜族和当地汉族小学生斜视弱视的患病情况,分析其差异性和危险因素.方法:选取云南省西双版纳傣族自治州少数民族最集中的勐腊县7214名6～15岁在校小学生,检查包括裸眼视力和最佳矫正视力、屈光度、眼位、眼前节和眼底情况等,并进行Logistic回归分析影响因素.结果:(1)所有研究对象中,斜视患病率为2.12％(外斜视占85.62％),弱视患病率为0.60％(屈光性占74.42％);(2)斜视患病率在性别、年龄和民族方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而外斜视患病率在民族方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).拉祜族比汉族发生外斜视风险高(OR=1.86,95％CI:1.12～3.09).直系亲属斜视或外斜视者、近视、远视均是斜视的危险因素(P<0.05,OR>1),其中近视是外斜视的危险因素(OR=2.13,95％CI:1.32～3.44);随近视度数增加,外斜视的OR值增大(P<0.05);(3)弱视的患病率在性别、年龄、民族方面无差异性(P>0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,近视和远视均是弱视的危险因素(P<0.05,OR>1).结论:西双版纳傣族自治州少数民族青少年儿童直系亲属有斜视者发生斜视的危险性高,外斜视有一定民族差异性;近视和远视均是斜视、弱视的主要危险因素,斜视、外斜视的患病风险随近视屈光度的增加而加大.当地的低弱视率和屈光不正患病率较低有关.