Salah satu penyebab besarnya korban jiwa dalam sebuah kecelakaan kapal di jalur pelayaran adalah dikarenakan kurangnya informasi mengenai jalur atau rute evakuasi yang harus dilalui penumpang bila ...terjadi kecelakaan. Oleh sebab itu kajian mengenai jalur evakuasi utama didalam sebuah kapal saat terjadinya kecelakaan perlu dilakukan dengan cermat. Terutama untuk kapal yang mengangkut banyak penumpang seperti kapal perintis. Pada paper ini akan dibahas mengenai kajian waktu evakuasi penumpang di kapal dengan metode advance berdasarkan ketetapan dari IMO. Untuk proses simulasi menggunakan software Pathfinder 2015. Dari hasil simulasi yang dilakukan waktu embarkasi penumpang adalah 348.03 detik, sedangkan total waktu evakuasi penumpang adalah 2010.03 detik atau sekitar 33.5 menit
Pedestrian evacuation is one open question in a myriad of scientific disciplines and has attracted considerable attention during the past decades. Aim to issue, various research approaches, such as ...mathematical modeling and simulation, experimental studied and socio-psychology surveys, have been extensively employed. Different from previous frameworks, here a behavior-based cellular automaton model is proposed, which involves the environmental characteristics and neighbors’ behaviors. Given the certain range of degree of emergency, it is shown that enhancing the degree of emergency will shorten evacuation time yet decrease cooperation enthusiasm. The larger the degree of familiarity is, the shorter the evacuation time will be. In variance, larger the dependence of pedestrians will prolong the evacuation time. Besides, the novel model also produces some interesting self-organization phenomena, such as the collective behavior at the beginning of the evacuation and arch-like blocking at the end of the evacuation. When our model is finally applied to the evacuation scenario where a room has two symmetrically located exits, the symmetry breaking effect takes place. Our model may shed new light to the study of pedestrian dynamics in realistic world.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Pedestrian evacuation is actually a process of behavioral evolution. Interaction behaviors between pedestrians affect not only the evolution of their cooperation strategy, but also their evacuation ...paths-scheduling and dynamics features. The existence of interaction behaviors and cooperation evolution is therefore critical for pedestrian evacuation. To address this issue, an extended cellular automaton (CA) evacuation model considering the effects of interaction behaviors and cooperation evolution is proposed here. The influence mechanism of the environment factor and interaction behaviors between neighbors on the decision- making of one pedestrian to path scheduling is focused. Average payoffs interacting with neighbors are used to represent the competitive ability of one pedestrian, aiming to solve the conflicts when more than one pedestrian competes for the same position based on a new method. Influences of interaction behaviors, the panic degree and the conflict cost on the evacuation dynamics and cooperation evolution of pedestrians are discussed. Simulation results of the room evacuation show that the interaction behaviors between pedestrians to a certain extent are beneficial to the evacuation efficiency and the formation of cooperation behaviors as well. The increase of conflict cost prolongs the evacuation time. Panic emotions of pedestrians are bad for cooperation behaviors of the crowd and have complex effects on evacuation time. A new self-organization effect is also presented.
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•Interventional/optimisation approaches in crowd evacuation planning are systematically reviewed.•Three general methods are differentiated and contrasted: mathematical, architectural ...and behavioural.•The literature was found to be dominated by the architectural intervention solutions, amid contradictory findings.•Potential benefits of behavioural interventions have not been fully explored, warrenting further attention.•More research needed to establish possible dimensions of behavioural intervention and their effectiveness.
This work is a systematic review of optimisation methods for pedestrian evacuations. The focus is on interventional approaches that seek to improve evacuation efficiency rather than efforts to purely describe/predict evacuations. Three major evacuation optimisation approaches are identified: (a) architectural design and infrastructure adjustment, (b) mathematical programming and optimisation of path/departure-schedule planning, (c) behavioural modification, training and active instructions. The reviewed literature is dominated by architectural solutions, while the evidence on their effectiveness is largely mixed and inconclusive. They also pose practical challenges: major design interventions in previously-built infrastructure may not always be readily feasible. Furthermore, the effectiveness of architectural solutions is often suggested to be geometry/context dependant rather than universal. Complex path/schedule optimisation solutions also pose their own implementation and enforcement challenges. They often require that an entire crowd be controlled and directed by a central body. They also do not address microscopic aspects of individual behaviour. The behavioural modification method used to be the least studied approach until recently, but it is gaining increasing traction as a promising method in terms of both effectiveness and practicality. Its underexplored potential constitutes a major knowledge gap in evacuation dynamics literature. The first important step to address this gap is to (i) identify possible and most effective areas of behavioural intervention; and (ii) employ reliable experimental or numerical methods to discover optimum strategies, and (iii) determine how behavioural interventions can be effectively conveyed to people. Establishing the relative effectiveness of the three optimisation approaches also constitutes another important question to be explored.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abalone are of significant economic importance in the marine shellfish market in China. In order to examine feeding characteristics and formulate a model of gastrointestinal evacuation for Haliotis ...discus hannai, H. gigantea, and H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂, fecal output after intake of feed labelled with chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) was subjected to uninterrupted monitoring for 72 h. Feed consumption levels of H. discus hannai, H. gigantea, and H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂ were seen to harbor a circadian rhythm. Over 90% of the feed intake occurred between 20:00 and 04:00, and fecal output of H. discus hannai, H. gigantea, and H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂ was continuous over the experimental period. The cosine fitting peak phases of fecal output of H. discus hannai, H. gigantea, and H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂ appeared at 09:07, 08:46, and 08:24, respectively, all about 9 h after the appearance of each feeding peak. Based on the measured Cr2O3 content in feces, about 70% of the gastrointestinal evacuation of the labelled feed occurred 12–24 h after consumption. The time-dependent variation of the percentage evacuated of three abalone species agrees well with the logistic model (R2 > 0.99); H. discus hannai, H. gigantea, and H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂ evacuated 50% of the feed within about 19 h, and 95% was evacuated at 32.99, 30.09, and 29.96 h, respectively. In this work, a non-destructive method was used to accurately measure the time required for the gastrointestinal evacuation of abalone, provided that abalone could ingest feed without fasting. This work not only enriched the basic knowledge of abalone’ digestive physiology, but also provided a theoretical reference for developing reasonable feeding strategies.
•The circadian feeding characteristics of different abalone species were compared.•The fecal output of different abalone species was accurately determined using a non-destructive method.•Gastrointestinal evacuation models applicable to different abalone species were established.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective Factors such as width, vertical height, and operational speed of staircases and escalators on metro station platform impact passenger evacuation time significantly, therefore it is ...necessary to study the impact of the platform staircase and escalator setting parameters on passenger evacuation time. Method Based on DICE (data integration collection environment) passenger gathering risk model, the passenger evacuation time by staircases, escalators and the combination is simulated and analyzed by AnyLogic software. The proposed model is empirically verified. Result & Conclusion The impact of escalator operational speed on evacuation time is greater than that of the escalator width and height. The impact of escalator and staircase width is greater than the height. There is a proportional relationship between the evacuation time under escalator saturation state and passengers half-passing half-standing state on escalator, which is related to the proportion of passengers choosing to walk on the esc
We propose an optimization-based model for simulating the overtaking behaviour in the unidirectional pedestrian flow. A ‘visual area’ is introduced so that agents could receive the information ...regarding their surroundings and react by choosing one of three options: to move straight on, to dodge to the left, or to dodge to the right. And a side preference of each pedestrian for evading and overtaking is implemented based on traffic ‘social norms’. The model was validated by reproducing the experimentally obtained pedestrian flow patterns. The effects of the initial pedestrian formation on overtaking behaviour and the evacuation time have been analysed in different geometries. The results show that pedestrian flow patterns after overtaking are obviously influenced by both the initial positions and density of the slow pedestrians in the front. Phase changes of pedestrian formation are observed in both experiment and simulations. On the other hand, for sparse pedestrian crowds, the egress time of the fast individuals is mainly impacted by the horizontal distance between the initial positions of the slow pedestrians in the front, especially in the geometry with a bottleneck.
•An overtaking model considering both right and left-hand traffic was proposed.•The heterogeneity of pedestrians could be manifested by pedestrians' decision-making.•The model was validated by reproducing the experimentally obtained pedestrian flow patterns.•Pedestrian flow patterns after overtaking were affected by the initial formation of dense crowds.•Evacuation time of fast agent was influenced by the horizontal distances among sparse crowds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In order to assess effectively the passenger evacuation performance in ship fires, a quantitative method combining the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-derived fire data and AnyLogic evacuation ...simulation is proposed in this paper. In this developed method, the speed reduction factor, instantaneous untenable conditions and fractional effective dose (FED) model are utilized to consider the effects of smoke visibility, heat and toxic gases in ship fires on the passenger walking speed, activity space and human health conditions. In order to demonstrate this proposed method, passenger evacuation analysis is performed in a hypothetical zone of the ship with obstacles for fast t-squared fires. The results indicate that the relationship between the required safe egress time (RSET) and fire heat release rate (HRR) is non-monotonic. However, the total FED increases with the increase of the fire HRR and the sequence of survivors. Compared with two existing methods, this proposed method is able to assess more rigorously the passenger evacuation performance in ship fires. The existing ASET/RSET method is more conservative, and the existing FED method with the Pathfinder underestimates the FED in ship fires. This work will provide a more accurate method for ship fire safety assessment and performance-based fire protection design.
•The proposed method can efficiently assess passenger evacuation performance in ship fires.•The RSET may decrease with the increase of the heat release rate in ship fires.•The FED increases with the increase of the heat release rate for fast fires.•The relationship between the RSET and FED is more complex in ship fires.•Existing ASET/RSET method is more conservative for ship fire safety assessment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
