Evacuation presents a very complex and difficult task that implies the safest, shortest and fastest convoying of people, animals and material resources from an endangered object or location to a ...secure location. Different objects, different locations and different scenarios demand different evacuation strategies. One of very specific objects for evacuation is a road traffic tunnel. Because of the presence of a number of vehicles and people within limited space, road traffic tunnel evacuation can be an extremely unpredictable and dangerous task, which has already been confirmed by many accidents. There are also other aggravating circumstances such as tunnel length, fast spreading of smoke (especially of CO2 – carbon dioxide and CO- carbon monoxide) and fire in closed areas, limited options for approach to the accident place and many others, very often impossible to predict. One of very good, economical and safe ways for the prediction and analysis of evacuation situations and scenarios is the usage of simulation software. This paper has been written to show a simulation of evacuation from the road traffic tunnel at Terazije in Belgrade for different scenarios and for different speeds of participants. / Эвакуация представляет собой чрезвычайно сложный и многогранный процесс, подразумевающий перемещение людей, животных и имущества из охваченного чрезвычайной ситуацией объекта или местности в безопасную зону. Различные объекты, местность или сценарии требуют и подразумевают различные соответствующие меры эвакуационной стратегии. Одним из специфических объектов для эвакуации является автодорожный тоннель. Из-за большого количества автомобилей и людей, находящихся в ограниченном пространстве, эвакуация в автодорожном тоннеле может оказаться чрезвычайно непредсказуемым и опасным заданием, о чем свидетельствует большое количество произошедших несчастных случаев. В данной связи при моделировании необходимо предусмотреть такие непредвиденные обстоятельства как: большая длина тоннеля, стремительное распространение дыма (особенно CO2 – оксид углерода и СО – моноксид углерода) и пожар в закрытом пространстве, ограниченные возможности доступа к месту аварии и многие другие, зачастую непредсказуемые обстоятельства. Одним из целесообразных и надежных методов прогнозирования и анализа эвакуационных обстоятельств и мероприятий является разработка сценарного моделирования эвакуационных ситуаций с помощью программного обеспечения. Целью данной работы было описание эвакуационных мероприятий в автодорожном тоннеле «Теразие» в городе Белград. Программным обеспечением были охвачены разные сценарии, с учетом различного количества участников и скорости автодорожного движения. / Evakuacija predstavlja veoma kompleksan i težak zadatak koji implicira najbezbednije, najkraće i najbrže premeštanje ljudi, životinja i materijalnih dobara iz ugroženog objekta ili lokacije do sigurne lokacije. Različiti objekti, lokacije ili scenariji zahtevaju i podrazumevaju različite adekvatne evakuacione strategije. Jedan od veoma specifičnih objekata za evakuaciju je tunel za drumski saobraćaj. Zbog prisustva mnoštva vozila i ljudi na ograničenom prostoru, evakuacija tunela za drumski saobraćaj može biti ekstremno nepredvidiv i opasan zadatak, što potvrđuje veliki broj nesreća koji se desio. Takođe, postoje i druge okolnosti, kao što su potencijalno velika dužina tunela, brzo širenje dima (posebno CO2 i CO ) i vatre u zatvorenim prostorima, ograničene mogućnosti za pristup mestu nesreće i mnoge druge koje je često nemoguće predvideti. Jedan od veoma dobrih, ekonomičnih i sigurnih načina za predviđanje i analizu evakuacionih situacija i scenarija jeste upotreba simulacionog softvera. U radu je prikazana evakuacija iz tunela za drumski saobraćaj na Terazijama u Beogradu, za različite scenarije i različite brzine učesnika.
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Tunnels are passageways built for different purposes: road tunnels, railway tunnels, subway tunnels or similar. Their dimensions are becoming more and more considerable, depending on technology ...improvement. According to the fact that many people and vehicles pass continually through these structures, there was a logical question about a possible evacuation in case of disasters such as fire, explosion or similar. This is a constantly open and actual problem, confirmed by many people who perished in disasters because they could not be evacuated or because an evacuation was delayed for some reasons. This paper has been written to show a possible evacuation situation and to calculate the minimum time for the evacuation in the case of 772 m long Straževica tunnel. / Тоннели представляют собой подземные сооружения различных типов назначения: железнодорожные, автодорожные, тоннели для метрополитенов и др. Благодаря технологическому развитию размеры тоннелей с каждым днем увеличиваются. Учитывая тот факт, что большой поток пассажиров и транспортных средств непрерывно проезжает через данные объекты, возникает естественный вопрос об их эвакуации в случае чрезвычайных ситуаций, таких как: пожар, взрыв и пр. Вопрос об эвакуации более чем актуален, так как подобные риски несут за собой большое количество человеческих жертв, если своевременно не предпринять меры по эвакуации. В работе представлены возможные эвакуационные ситуации и минимальный расчет времени для эвакуационных мероприятий на примере тоннеля Стражевица 772 м. / Tuneli su objekti sagrađeni za različite svrhe. Mogu biti putnički, železnički, tuneli za podzemne železnice i služiti za slične namene. Njihove dimenzije postaju sve veće zahvaljujući tehnološkim poboljšanjima. Uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da mnogo ljudi i vozila kontinualno prolazi kroz ove objekte, postavilo se pitanje o mogućojevakuaciji u slučaju katastrofa, kao što su požar ili eksplozija. Iskustva govore da je mnogo ljudi izgubilo život jer nisu mogli biti evakuisani ili je evakuacija zbog nekog razloga kasnila. U ovom radu opisuje se moguća evakuaciona situacija i izračunava minimalno vreme potrebno za evakuaciju u tunelu Straževica koji je dugačak 772 m.
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The danger of war with the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy led RegentAleksandar Karađorđević to make a decision on July 25th, 1914 to move the state leadership of the Kingdom of Serbia, the government, the ...National As-sembly, the state administration, and the diplomatic corps to the city of Niš. With the outbreak of World War I, Niš practically began to play the role of the wartime capital of Serbia, which would last until the autumn of 1915. With the Kingdom of Bulgaria joining the Central Powers and its entry into the war against Serbia, the position of the “wartime capital of Serbia” and its govern-ment institutions was endangered. Therefore, late September and October of 1915 saw the start of the process of the evacuation of all important government institutions from Niš. In that period, train compositions of medical supplies from the Red Cross warehouse were moved from Niš to Kruševac and Kraljevo. Foreign medical missions were evacuated as well. Intending to preserve and transport state and cultural treasures from Niš to Greece, on October 15th, Niko-la Pašić issued an order to organize the complete transport of the state archives, the most valuable books and manuscripts from libraries, as well as all exhibits from existing museums, along with the evacuation of the people. As the Bulgar-ian troops advanced from the east, the evacuation process went under way, and on October 26th, the employees of the War Ministry as well as foreign diplo-matic representatives and officials, around a thousand people, left the Red Cross Niš railway station. Despite the huge efforts of the Serbian Army in defending the country, and due to the truancy of allied forces eagerly awaited in Skopje and Niš, the German-Austro-Hungarian troops broke the Serbian resistance in the north and on November 6th Bulgarian troops advancing from the east en-tered the city of Niš.
High-rise buildings in many big cities in the Far East, including Hong Kong, call for refuge floors as a matter of both practicality and compliance with regulations. Even though many countries' fire ...codes are not clear in spelling out the necessity for refuge floors, it is accepted within construction that such floors are essential in resisting fire, allowing users a means of escape and allowing emergency services a means of access to stricken buildings. This paper discusses the reasons behind providing refuge floors, while also considering related fire safety provisions, such as their enclosure behind fire-resistant construction or the protection of their openings behind a water curtain. Our discussion takes a tall building with balconies as a test example of refuge floors, running a hazard assessment based on Computational Fluid Dynamics assuming a fire of the broadly accepted level of 2 MW. The paper concludes that the design of the building's façade finally determines whether or not a refuge floor and associated fire safety provisions, such as a water curtain, can be waived. As the flat modelled used to store a high amount of combustibles up to 1135 MJm
−2
, the breaking of large area of glass window could lead to a major conflagration. The consequences of a scenario with a fire of 25 MW are also discussed.
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The time taken to evacuate space inside a building (required time for evacuation) must be shorter than the time for the environment in that space to become life threatening (available safe egress ...time - ASET). That time is the time, when certain tenability limits of smoke filling, toxicity and thermal influence of the building environment are exceeded. As a consequence of lost visibility in smoke, people loose their orientation, and consequently evacuation is slowed down or becomes impossible. In such conditions inhaling of an excessive volume of toxins may lead to loss of consciousness or death. In the paper are discussed the influences of visibility through a smoke layer (or smoke obscuration) and concentration of toxic products of combustion on ASET, in well ventilated fires. Apart from the visibility range, also CO and CO
2
concentrations have been chosen for the analysis. The given simple formulas show the dependency of rate of combustion and yields of smoke and toxic species on visibility reduction rate and increasing of concentration of toxic products evolved during combustion of selected materials. Epoxy materials were used for the analysis: pure Epoxy material 561 and epoxy with the following admixtures: MoO
3
, Roflam P and Melamine, as well as 2 types of polyurethane form.
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There is a fire hazard in many civil buildings or engineering structures. Analysis of people evacuation time from the room or building is an important part of the designing process. Nevertheless, ...analysis of human behaviour in fire conditions is very complicated. Various factors should be evaluated, physical and even psychical, influencing safe evacuation of people from buildings. The analytical and calculating methods created are intended for analysis of people evacuation in fire conditions. Unfortunately, use of complicated calculations for determination of people evacuation requires too many resources; therefore, their application is limited. The calculation method for people evacuation presented in this paper is based on dependencies of the physical characteristics of people stream (density, intensity, movement speed) on people movement manner. The time required to evacuate people from people gathering room and building is determined in the numerical illustration of the method application. The article presents the comparison of simple calculation method and modeling with FDS+Evac software results of time for safe evacuation of people from rooms and buildings.
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Prispevek je zasnovan na podlagi terenske raziskave med prebivalci Sarajeva, ki jih je Vlada Republike Slovenije 18. in 20. novembra 1992 evakuirala iz Sarajeva v »imenu« slovenstva in s skupinskim ...slovenskim potnim listom. Avtor v besedilu predstavi začetek vojne v Sarajevu leta 1992 in kontekst evakuacije sarajevskih Slovencev s strani Republike Slovenije novembra 1992, kakor so ga doživljali nekateri akterji evakuacije, s katerimi je opravil ustnozgodovinski intervju.
Nakon potresa koji je krajem prosinca 2020. pogodio Petrinju, zbog strukturnog oštećenja čuvaonice kao i same Galerije Krsto Hegedušić pristupilo se hitnoj evakuaciji vrijedne muzejske građe u kojoj ...su sudjelovali stručnjaci Ministarstva kulture i medija, Konzervatorskog odjela u Sisku, Muzeja za umjetnost i obrt, Galerije Klovićevi dvori, Gradskog muzeja Sisak i Muzejskoga dokumentacijskog centra. Građu su pripadnici Hrvatske gorske službe spašavanja kroz krov vadili iz zgrade, a muzejski djelatnici prevezli u Gradski muzej Sisak u kojemu je pripremljena privremena čuvaonica. Ondje su evakuirana djela pregledana, snimljena, popisana, preventivno zaštićena i pohranjena u privremenu čuvaonicu.
Članak istražuje naseljavanje njemačkih evangelika na područja Moslavine i Bilogore nakon donošenja Protestantskog patenta i konfesionalne liberalizacije u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća. Isprva se ...istražuje regionalno porijeklo doseljenika (kolonista), a zatim se prati razvoj njihovih crkvenih zajednica i župa. Nakon toga, opisuju se konkretna naselja s njemačkom evangeličkom apsolutnom ili relativnom većinom te povijesne okolnosti u
kojima se odvijalo njihovo crkveno organiziranje. Na kraju, kroz izvore, literaturu i govornu historiju (intervjue) istražuju se procesi preseljenja i
evakuacije njemačkih naseljenika i evangelika s ovih prostora te sudbine njihovih pastora i propovjednika tijekom i nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata.
Zbog opsega istraživanja, članak je podijeljen na dva dijela. U prvome je dijelu naglasak bio na naseljavanju, konfesionalnoj pozadini naseljenika te osnivanju dviju prvih velikih župa u ovome kraju, a u ovome dijelu opisuju se ostale župe i filijale, njihov razvoj te etape odlaska, kao i opis djelovanja njihovih posljednjih duhovnih radnika.
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U prvim satima i danima nakon prvog potresa i daljnjih potresa slabijeg intenziteta koji su se ponavljali iz dana u dan bilo je nužno osigurati pojedine rizične dijelove zgrade i odrediti koridore ...kretanja. Izvedene su hitne intervencije, s krova su uklonjeni komadi cigli i crjepova koji su prijetili padanjem. Dio ostalog svoda na drugom katu, kao i svod hodnika na prvom katu, kojima je prijetilo urušavanje, osigurani su potpornjima što su ih postavili vatrogasci. Zbog opasnosti od padanja dijelova s krova osiguran je i natkriven ulaz u Muzej. Organizirana je evakuacija predmeta u malim skupinama i uz dogovorene zadatke kako bi se zbog svakodnevnih podrhtavanja tla posao što brže obavio te zadržavanje u prostoru bilo što kraće. Drugi su razlog bile i epidemiološke mjere zbog pandemije Covida-19, koje su dopuštale rad uz minimalan broj djelatnika, pod maskama i uz održavanje razmaka.