Since 2015, the Ambitions for Palliative and End of Life Care: a national framework for local action has provided guidance for care within England and beyond. Relaunched in 2021, the Framework sets ...out six Ambitions which, collectively, provide a vision to improve how death, dying and bereavement are experienced and managed. However, to date, there has been no central evaluation of how the Framework and its Ambitions have been implemented within service development and provision. To address this evidence gap, we investigated understanding and use of the Framework.
An online questionnaire survey was conducted to identify where the Framework has been used; examples of how it has been used; which Ambitions are being addressed; which foundations are being used; understanding of the utility of the Framework; and understanding of the opportunities and challenges involved in its use. The survey was open between 30 November 2021-31 January 2022, promoted via email, social media, professional newsletter and snowball sampling. Survey responses were analysed both descriptively, using frequency and cross-tabulations, and exploratively, using content and thematic analysis.
45 respondents submitted data; 86% were from England. Findings indicate that the Framework is particularly relevant to service commissioning and development across wider palliative and end of life care, with most respondents reporting a focus on Ambition 1 (Each person is seen as an individual) and Ambition 3 (Maximising comfort and wellbeing). Ambition 6 (Each community is prepared to help) was least likely to be prioritised, despite people welcoming the focus on community in national guidance. Of the Framework foundations, 'Education and training' was seen as most necessary to develop and/or sustain reported services. The provision of a shared language and collaborative work across sectors and partners were also deemed important. However, there is some indication that the Framework must give more prioritisation to carer and/or bereavement support, have greater scope to enhance shared practice and mutual learning, and be more easily accessible to non-NHS partners.
The survey generated valuable summary level evidence on uptake of the Framework across England, offering important insights into current and past work, the factors impacting on this work and the implications for future development of the Framework. Our findings suggest considerable positive potential of the Framework to generate local action as intended, although difficulties remain concerning the mechanisms and resources necessary to enact this action. They also offer a valuable steer for research to further understand the issues raised, as well as scope for additional policy and implementation activity.
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V príspevku obravnavamo odsotnost slovarskih ustreznikov na ravni leksema v še ne izdanem angleško-slovenskem slovarju za dekodiranje. Raziskava se osredotoča na rabo znaka lojtra (#), ki označuje ...ničto ustreznost na ravni leksema, če pa neprevedljiv izhodiščnojezikovni leksem uporabimo v zgledu rabe, ga lahko prevedemo v ciljni jezik in tako dosežemo ustreznost na ravni sporočila. V celotnem slovarju je lojter 92, vendar jih je lahko v eni iztočnici več; tako najdemo lojtro pri 41 različnih iztočnicah. Podrobni rezultati so predstavljeni po besednih vrsta iztočnic: numerični analizi sledi vsebinska analiza zgledov rabe. Ugotovitev: če ustreznosti ne moremo doseči na ravni leksema, lahko pa jo dosežemo na ravni celotnega sporočila, lahko problem rešujemo z vključevanjem prevedenih zgledov rabe.
The article discusses the treatment of zero equivalence in an English–Slovene dictionary (ESD). The absence of equivalents in the TL is marked by two symbols: Ø (a complete absence of any equivalent) ...and # (equivalence at the level of the entire message rather than at word level). Sixty-five lemmata in the ESD contain a slashed zero, a hash or both, but one and the same entry can contain more than one symbol. Detailed results are presented by parts of speech of the lemmata, starting with a numerical analysis, which is followed by analysis of the content of illustrative examples. Then follows a detailed discussion of lemmata expressing pragmatic meaning in the SL, lemmata with lexico-grammatical, grammatical and lexical differences between the SL and the TL as well as lemmata with a number of SL senses included under one sense in the ESD. In the ESD, the problem of zero equivalence is mostly solved by the inclusion of translated examples of use. Another method employed in the ESD is the use of short descriptions of the function of the lemma or one of its senses. In this way, a more successful and thorough retrieval of information can be achieved with every look-up. Benaderings tot die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n tweetalige woordeboek.Die hantering van zero-ekwivalensie in 'n Engels–Sloveense woordeboek (ESD) word in hierdie artikel bespreek. Die afwesigheid van ekwivalente in die doeltaal (DT) word aangedui deur twee simbole: Ø ('n totale afwesigheid van enige ekwivalent) en # (ekwivalensie op die vlak van die volle boodskap eerder as op die vlak van 'n woord). Vyf-en-sestig lemmas in die ESD bevat 'n nul met 'n skuinsstreep daardeur, 'n hutsmerker of albei, maar een inskrywing kan meer as een simbool bevat. Die resultate word uitvoerig voorgehou volgens die woordsoort van die lemmas, en begin met 'n syferkundige ontleding, gevolg deur 'n ontleding van die inhoud van die toeligtende voorbeelde. Daarna volg 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van lemmas wat 'n pragmatiese betekenis uitdruk in die BT, lemmas met leksiko-grammatikale, grammatikale en leksikale verskille tussen die BT en die DT, sowel as lemmas met 'n aantal BT-betekenisse gegroepeer onder een betekenisonderskeiding in die ESD. Die probleem van zero-ekwivalensie word meestal in die ESD opgelos deur die insluiting van vertaalde gebruiksvoorbeelde. 'n Ander metode wat in die ESD gebruik word, is die gebruik van kort beskrywings van die lemma se funksie of van een van sy betekenisse. Op hierdie manier kan 'n meer suksesvolle en deeglike onttrekking van inligting gedoen word tydens elke opsoeksessie.
The study presented in this contribution aims to investigate whether the print edition of OALD8 still sticks to the tradition of including many derivatives as run-on entries. For the purpose of the ...study, a database was compiled consisting of 1,200 lemmata with full entry status, and in this lemma range, 145 run-ons were found. The parts of speech of the lemma under which a run-on could be found were closely studied, and so were the illustrative examples. Nouns are most commonly included as run-ons, followed by adverbs, adjectives and verbs. The problem of polysemous entries at the end of which undefined run-ons can be found is also discussed. When it is difficult to draw parallels between the sense(s) of the lemma and the run-on deriving from it, it would be much better to include the run-on as the lemma and to define all its senses separately or to include undefined run-ons at the end of each individual sense of the lemma. Finally, it should be clear to the user when and why a certain word is included as a run-on and not as a lemma, and how s/he can establish a relation between the meaning of the lemma and the run-on. Die insluiting van woordvorming in die OALD8 : die geval van onverklaardes Die studie waaroor daar in hierdie artikel berig word, probeer vasstel of die gedrukte weergawe van die OALD8 die tradisie handhaaf om baie afleidings as onverklaarde lemmas op te neem. Vir die doel van hierdie studie is 'n databasis saamgestel van 1,200 lemmata met volle artikels en tussen hierdie lemmata is 145 onverklaarde lemmas gevind. Die woordsoort van die lemmas waaraan onverklaardes geheg is, is noukeurig nagegaan asook die voorbeeldmateriaal. Naamwoorde tree die algemeenste as onverklaardes op, gevolg deur bywoorde, adjektiewe en werkwoorde. Die problem van polisemiese inskrywings waaraan onverklaardes geheg word, word ook bespreek. Wanneer dit moeilik is om die verband tussen die betekenisonderskeidinge van 'n lemma en die voortspruitende onverklaardes te lê, sal dit beter wees om die onverklaardes as volle lemmata op te neem en die onderskeie betekenisonderskeidinge te verklaar, of om die onverklaardes aan die einde van elke verklaring van 'n betekenisonderskeiding te heg. Dit moet vir die gebruiker duidelik wees waar en wanneer 'n woord as onverklaarde opgeneem word en nie as volle lemma nie en ook hoe die verband tussen die betekenis van die lemma en die onverklaarde vasgestel kan word.
Thermal Analysis—Dielectric Techniques Barker, Susan; Antonijevic, Milan D
Solid State Characterization of Pharmaceuticals,
2011, 2011-04-15
Book Chapter
This chapter contains sections titled:
General Introduction
Common Background to the Techniques
Dielectric Spectroscopy
Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Spectroscopy
Overall Conclusions
References
This paper deals with the subject of elaborating a guideline on the use of climate data, which have been made available to the climate-change and climate-impact community as well as to the general ...public. The therein descripted data is a gridded dataset on 1 km nominal resolution for Austria, consisting of observational data as well as of bias corrected climate model output. It covers the area of Austria. The aim of this paper is to make reference to this guideline that is by now accessible for those interested in using the dataset as well as for those creating datasets planning to provide guidance to their data users.
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Like many African people, the Fon people from Benin south of the Sahara got to know written language relatively late. In the absence of writing, the main communication was through orality. One of the ...„ingredients“ that „spices up“ orality in West Africa or in Benin is the idiom. Although this form of folk poetry is often used in the everyday communi-
cation of the Fon, it is little researched. This paper aims to introduce this unexplored field of research by examining a selection of 17 Fon idioms from syntactic, semantic and pragmatic perspectives. It provides an overview of Fon culture and their worldview.
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