The ancestors of Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium herbaceum provided the A subgenome for the modern cultivated allotetraploid cotton. Here, we upgraded the G. arboreum genome assembly by integrating ...different technologies. We resequenced 243 G. arboreum and G. herbaceum accessions to generate a map of genome variations and found that they are equally diverged from Gossypium raimondii. Independent analysis suggested that Chinese G. arboreum originated in South China and was subsequently introduced to the Yangtze and Yellow River regions. Most accessions with domestication-related traits experienced geographic isolation. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 98 significant peak associations for 11 agronomically important traits in G. arboreum. A nonsynonymous substitution (cysteine-to-arginine substitution) of GaKASIII seems to confer substantial fatty acid composition (C16:0 and C16:1) changes in cotton seeds. Resistance to fusarium wilt disease is associated with activation of GaGSTF9 expression. Our work represents a major step toward understanding the evolution of the A genome of cotton.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil and l-carnitine supplementation on growth performance, fatty acid composition, plasma biochemical ...parameters, lipid metabolism, hepatic antioxidant ability and morphology of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated by replacing 0 (Diet 1), 50% (Diet 2) and 100% (Diet 3) of fish oil by soybean oil, and 50% (Diet 4) and 100% (Diet 5) of fish oil by soybean oil supplemented with 0.02% l-carnitine. After 8 weeks of growth trial, dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil and l-carnitine supplementation significantly increased final body weight and weight gain rate except for fish fed Diet 3 (P < 0.05). No significant effects were observed in the composition of back muscle and liver among all groups (P > 0.05). Dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil not only caused oxidative stress and liver damage, but also decreased the content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid such as ARA, EPA and DHA in muscle and liver of fish. However, dietary l-carnitine supplementation could improve growth performance, lipid metabolism and liver health of fish. In conclusion, 50% of fish oil can be replaced by soybean oil with no adverse effects on growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters and liver health, and dietary 0.02% l-carnitine supplementation was beneficial to the health of fish fed dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil.
•It was possible to replace dietary fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SO) in diets of largemouth bass.•Dietary FO replacement by SO caused oxidative stress and liver damage.•Dietary l-carnitine supplementation was beneficial to the health of fish fed dietary FO replacement by SO.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The aim of the current work was to gather the largest possible sample of published data for vegetable oils properties, and conduct a statistical analysis in order to evaluate average values for all ...properties and for their fatty acid composition. A second objective was to investigate possible correlations between the properties and the degree of unsaturation. In order to achieve both tasks, the available literature on vegetable oils properties and their fatty acid composition was scanned from many well-established databases. In total, 695 papers were gathered that provided 550 different data series of oils properties and 536 of fatty acid composition, for 22 different oils. From the statistical analysis, collective results were derived for each property and quantified based on the specific oil. The effects of unsaturation were investigated too with separate best-fit linear curves provided for each interesting property with respect to the average number of double bonds. Unlike biodiesels, however, only a few (moderately) significant statistical correlations could be established between the vegetable oils properties and the degree of unsaturation, namely for cetane number, cloud and pour point and oxidation stability.
•Gathering fatty acid composition from 22 vegetable oils.•Gathering all vegetable oils’ chemical and physical properties.•Statistical analysis of the gathered data.•Correlation of properties with the degree of unsaturation.•Identifying the advantages and inefficiencies of vegetable oils with respect to their properties and to the large engines fuel specifications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Microalgae are explored as the sustainable source of biodiesel production considering their multi restorative effects on water and air. In spite of rapid growth and high lipid content, production of ...microalgal biodiesel is energy intensive and costly affair. Efficient oil extraction is one of the major hurdles; which needs special attention for making the microalgae biodiesel production process economical. Current review paper discusses various types of extraction methods starting from conventional organic solvent extraction method to advance methods like microwave irradiation, ultrasound, supercritical fluids and ionic liquids for oil extraction and also the direct transesterification. Modern methods give better yield in comparison to conventional methods. The variation of properties of microalgae biodiesel with respect to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition is also highlighted and the properties are compared against established standards. Also, the previous studies on performance and emission characteristics using microalgae have been reviewed and it is found that microalgae biodiesel is on comparable scale to that of first and second generation biofuel. Lots of research scope and further developments in harvesting, drying, oil extraction and direct transesterification stages can potentially establish microalgae as next generation source for transport fuel production.
•A comprehensive review of lipids in microalgae cells and their fatty acid composition•Review of novel oil extraction ways: ultrasound, microwave and supercritical fluid•Review of direct transesterification methods•Analysis of microalgae biodiesel properties and effect on diesel engine
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the substrate for the synthesis of longer-chain, more unsaturated ω-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid and ...docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are associated with human health benefits. The primary source of EPA and DHA is seafood. There is a need for sustainable sources of biologically active ω-3 fatty acids. Certain plants contain high concentrations of ALA and stearidonic acid (SDA). Here we review the literature on the metabolism of ALA and SDA in humans, the impact of increased ALA and SDA consumption on concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood and cell lipid pools, and the extent to which ALA and SDA might have health benefits. Although it is generally considered that humans have limited capacity for conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA, sex differences in conversion to DHA have been identified. If conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, then ALA may have a smaller health benefit than EPA and DHA. SDA is more readily converted to EPA and appears to offer better potential for health improvement than ALA. However, conversion of both ALA and SDA to DHA is limited in most humans.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The purpose of this study was to provide new ideas for the antibacterial mechanism of monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol (MLGG) from the perspective of cell membranes. The changes in cell membrane ...properties of
Bacillus cereus
(
B. cereus
) CMCC 66,301 exposed to different concentrations (1 × MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), 2 × MIC, 1 × MBC (minimum bacterial concentration)) of MLGG were evaluated. It was found that the lag phase of
B. cereus
cells was prolonged at low concentration MLGG (1 × MIC and 2 × MIC), while about 2 log CFU/mL reduction in
B. cereus
populations were observed when exposed to high concentration MLGG (1 × MBC). MLGG treated
B. cereus
displayed obvious membrane depolarization, while membrane permeability had no change using PI (propidium iodide) staining. Significant increase in the membrane fluidity in response to MLGG exposure occurred, which was consistent with the modification of membrane fatty acids compositions, where the relative content of straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) increased, while branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) decreased significantly. The decreased transition
T
m
value and cell surface hydrophobicity was also observed. Additionally, effect of MLGG on bacterial membrane compositions were explored at the submolecular level by infrared spectroscopy. Resistance tests of
B. cereus
to MLGG had demonstrated the advantages of MLGG as a bacteriostatic agent. Collectively, these studies indicate that modifying the fatty acid composition and properties of cellular membranes through MLGG exposure is crucial for inhibiting bacteria growth, providing new insights into the antimicrobial mechanisms of MLGG.
Key points
• Monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol inserted into B. cereus lipid bilayer membrane
• Monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol treatment caused B. cereus membrane depolarization
• Monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol resulted in B. cereus membrane fatty acids alteration
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CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In order to improve the nutritional and quality characteristics of food, solid fats are widely used in food formulations. With the continuous improvement of consumers' awareness of health in recent ...years, substantial attempts have been carried out to find substitutes for solid fats to reduce saturated fatty acid content in foods. Oleogels have drawn increasing attention due to their attractive advantages such as easy fabrication, superior fatty acid composition and safe use in food products to satisfy consumers' demands for healthy products. This review provides the latest information on the diversified oleogel systems. The feasibility of oleogel and oleogel-based system as nutraceutical vehicles is elucidated. The type as well as concentration of oleogelators and the synergistic effect between two or more oleogelators are important factors affecting the properties of obtained oleogel. Oleogels used in nutraceutical delivery have been shown to offer increased loading amount, enhanced bioaccessibility and targeted or controlled release. These nutrients wrapped in oleogels may in turn affect the formation and properties of oleogels. Furthermore, the future perspectives of oleogels are discussed. The feasible research trends of food-grade oleogel include oleogel-based solid lipid particle, essential oil-in-oleogel system, delivery of probiotics, nutraceuticals co-delivery and microencapsulated oleogel.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids (DHA and EPA) are essential fatty acids for marine carnivorous fish. Thus, the ...determination of optimal dietary DHA/EPA ratio is essential for the development of better feed formulation. In the present study, a marine carnivorous fish species, golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) juveniles were subjected to six isoproteic and isolipidic diets contained differential ratios of DHA/EPA (0.53, 0.81, 1.17, 1.48, 1.69, and 2.12) and a constant level of n-3 LC-PUFA (1.20% of the dry weight). After the 10-week feeding trial, fish fed the diet with DHA/EPA ratios of 1.17 and 1.48 achieved the best growth performance, with significantly higher weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than that fish fed the other diets (P < .05). At the DHA/EPA ratio of 1.48 group, non-specific immune indices, including the activities of lysozyme (LZM), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum were significantly higher than those of other groups (P < .05). Fatty acid compositions of T. ovatus muscle, liver, eye and brain were significantly affected by the diets. The content of DHA and DHA/EPA in muscle, eye and brain both markedly increased with increasing dietary DHA/EPA ratios, and the concentration of DHA in brain was much higher than other tissues. Both the expression of elovl5-like and Δ6 fad in liver and the expression of elovl4-like and Δ6 fad in brain significantly increased with increasing dietary DHA/EPA ratios (P < .05). When subjecting the WG to the second-order polynomial regression analysis, the maximal growth was achieved at 1.40 of DHA/EPA ratio for the juvenile T. ovatus, which was thought as the recommended optimum requirement of dietary DHA/EPA ratio in the current study.
•The proper dietary DHA/EPA ratio for maximum growth and good health in juvenile T. ovatus is 1.46 in current study.•Excessively high dietary DHA/EPA ratio may have adverse effects on the growth and health of juvenile T. ovatus.•These findings provide guidance for the design of compound feed of juvenile T. ovatus.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Avocado is one of the most valuable products, as it is characterized by a high content of biologically active substances, including vitamins, mineral elements, fats, and dietary fibers. According to ...a complex of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators, the consumption properties of avocado fruits from different countries of origin, which are sold in Ukraine, have been investigated. Among the organoleptic indicators, the state of peel and pulp, taste, and smell has been determined according to the developed scoring scale. It has been established that the Haas type (Colombia) fruits have a light green pulp and a deep green peel that does not lag well behind the flesh, they are quite firm, the taste is watery, and there are no significant defects, the stem is not damaged. Haas (Israel) avocados had light green pulp and a brownish-black peel that separated from the flesh very well, with little evidence of pollination, a nice buttery flavour, and a nice texture. There is a slight peel defect (pollination mark) with an area of less than 4 cm2, which does not affect the fruit's flesh, and the stem is not damaged. The fruit of the Fuerte type (Israel) had a light green pulp and a deep-green peel that did not lag well behind the flesh, a somewhat grassy taste, and a loose flesh texture. The fruit had a defect in the peel (lens) with an area of less than 6 cm2, which does not affect the fruit's flesh, and the stem is not damaged. It has been found that the researched types of avocado fruits from different countries of origin differ in shape, size, and the ratio of peel, pulp, and stone. From the physicochemical parameters, the mass fraction of moisture, the content of dry soluble substances, active acidity, the content of ascorbic acid, and the fatty acid composition of lipids of avocado fruits have been determined.
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