As the global population and its demand for seafood increases more of our fish will come from aquaculture. Farmed Atlantic salmon are a global commodity and, as an oily fish, contain a rich source of ...the health promoting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Replacing the traditional finite marine ingredients, fishmeal and fish oil, in farmed salmon diets with sustainable alternatives of terrestrial origin, devoid of EPA and DHA, presents a significant challenge for the aquaculture industry. By comparing the fatty acid composition of over 3,000 Scottish Atlantic salmon farmed between 2006 and 2015, we find that terrestrial fatty acids have significantly increased alongside a decrease in EPA and DHA levels. Consequently, the nutritional value of the final product is compromised requiring double portion sizes, as compared to 2006, in order to satisfy recommended EPA + DHA intake levels endorsed by health advisory organisations. Nevertheless, farmed Scottish salmon still delivers more EPA + DHA than most other fish species and all terrestrial livestock. Our findings highlight the global shortfall of EPA and DHA and the implications this has for the human consumer and examines the potential of microalgae and genetically modified crops as future sources of these important fatty acids.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Continuously growing world’s energy demand and global climate change due to green house gas emissions have created need to find out renewable and sustainable energy solution. Biodiesel is one of the ...most promising substitute of diesel fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, waste oils etc. It is broadly classified in four generations i.e. edible oils (first generation), non-edible oils (second generation), waste oils (third generation) and advance solar biodiesel (fourth generation). There are some limitations associated with biodiesel as a fuel in diesel engines like cold flow, oxidation stability etc. Selection of biodiesel due to the above reasons is region specific and depends on the specific properties which are mainly governed by fatty acid composition of that oil. This review discusses the physicochemical properties of different generation biodiesel using 52 types of feedstocks. The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of 31 raw oils have also been discussed. As different fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) structures behave differently, it is not possible to develop a unique approach for obtaining optimum composition of FAME. The low concentration of polyunsaturated FAME and long-chain saturated FAME is more favorable for oxidation stability, low-temperature operability, and satisfactory performance. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), European committee for standardization (CEN), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), etc. provided the specifications for the biodiesel and their blends.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Altered metabolism of lipids is currently considered a hallmark characteristic of many malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Lipids are a large group of metabolites that differ in terms of ...their fatty acid composition. This review summarizes recent evidence, documenting many alterations in the content and composition of fatty acids, polar lipids, oxylipins and triacylglycerols in CRC patients' sera, tumor tissues and adipose tissue. Some of altered lipid molecules may be potential biomarkers of CRC risk, development and progression. Owing to a significant role of many lipids in cancer cell metabolism, some of lipid metabolism pathways may also constitute specific targets for anti-CRC therapy.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Pork quality characteristics related to the dietary substitution of soybean meal by the micro-alga Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) or black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) partly-defatted larval ...meal were observed. Through a duplicated study totalling 48 individually-fed barrows (Pietrain × (Large White × Landrace)) allocated into two experimental groups and a control, the effect of dietary protein source on physico-chemical and sensory pork quality was monitored under current industrial packaging conditions (highly‑oxygenated modified atmosphere packaging). The results show that physico-chemical characteristics are not degraded by including alternative protein sources in pig diets. Hermetia illucens increased lauric acid levels in backfat indicating that this fatty acid may be suitable as a biomarker for Hermetia illucens-fed pork. This goes to show that protein alternatives do not compromise pork quality.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with changes in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. However, specific changes in metabolism and hepatic mRNA expression related to NASH ...independent of simple steatosis, obesity and diet are unknown. Methods Liver histology, serum and liver FA composition and estimated enzyme activities based on the FA ratios in cholesteryl esters and triglycerides were assessed in 92 obese participants of the Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study (KOBS) divided to those with normal liver, steatosis or NASH (30 men and 62 women, age 46.8 ± 9.5 years (mean ± SD), BMI 44.2 ± 6.2 kg/m2 ). Plasma FA composition was also investigated in the Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) Study (n = 769), in which serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was used as a marker of liver disease. Results Obese individuals with NASH had higher activity of estimated activities of delta-6 desaturase (D6D, p < 0.002) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1, p < 0.002) and lower activity of delta-5 desaturase (D5D, p < 0.002) when compared to individuals with normal liver. Estimated activities of D5D, D6D and SCD1 correlated positively between liver and serum indicating that serum estimates reflected liver metabolism. Accordingly, NASH was associated with higher hepatic mRNA expression of corresponding genes FADS1 , FADS2 and SCD . Finally, differences in FA metabolism that associated with NASH in obese individuals were also associated with high ALT in the METSIM Study. Conclusions We demonstrated alterations in FA metabolism and endogenous desaturase activities that associate with NASH, independent of obesity and diet. This suggests that changes in endogenous FA metabolism are related to NASH and that they may contribute to the progression of the disease.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Fatty acid composition and stability of vegetable oils have taken more attention as an essential source of biologically active compounds in a good balanced diet. The purpose of the study was to ...determine peroxide value, free fatty acids, unsaponifiable matter, total carotenoid content, iodine value and fatty acid composition of sunflower, rapeseed, mustard, peanut and olive oils. Rapeseed and peanut oils had the highest peroxide values, while sunflower oil had the lowest peroxide values. The free fatty acid value of the tested oils varied between 0.43 and 1.36% oleic. The peanut oil had the highest free acid value and the mustard oil had the lowest one. Total carotenoid contents of mustard and rape seed oil were higher than those of the other oils tested. Palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) were the common main fatty acid components of the vegetable oils tested. Followed by linoleic acid, the amount of oleic acid was the highest among other fatty acid components. Mustard oil had the highest erucic acid (C22:1) with the amount of 11.38%, indicating that it cannot be used for human consumption. Among the oils investigated, sunflower and mustard oils were more stable than rapeseed, peanut and olive oils.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The oil quality, fatty acid composition, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of oven- and microwave-roasted seeds from three different poppy varieties (blue, yellow, and white) were ...investigated. The quantity, acidity, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide, and saponification values of oil were generally higher in roasted seeds compared to those in raw poppy seeds (control). Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of roasted seeds were less than those of the control. Roasting decreased fatty acid contents including linoleic acid in blue, yellow, and white seeds and its contents remained 57.91, 61.91, and 64.83% in control oil (oil from raw seeds) but decreased to 57.23, 60.78, and 64.11% in oven-roasted and 56.97, 60.08, and 60.84% in microwave-roasted seed oil, respectively. The tocopherol (α, β, γ, and δ) contents also decreased after roasting and β and γ-types predominated. The major phenolic compounds were vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric,cinnamic, and protocatechuic acids. The vanillic acid content ranged from 64.38–71.17 mg/100 g in raw seed, 41.86–49.76 mg/100 g in oven-roasted, and 43.66–56.71 mg/100 g in microwave-roasted seed. The current study revealed that poppy seeds and their oil have excellent nutritional qualities that are significantly reduced after roasting.
•Blue, yellow and white poppy seeds were evaluated for chemical and biological properties.•Conventional oven and microwave roasting of poppy seed may affect quality attributes of seed and oil.•Roasting processes cast negative effects on nutritional and functional attributes of seed and oil.•Different physico-chemical properties of poppy seed and oil were also affected by the variety.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper will review and attempt to discover the ideal fatty acid composition of biodiesel which exhibits lower NOx emissions, better oxidative stability and cold flow properties. The ...physicochemical properties of biodiesel strongly depend on their fatty acid composition. A high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid in biodiesel is correlated with higher NOx emissions, poor oxidative stability and better cold flow properties. The presence of saturated fatty acids (SFA), in particular the long chain type, exhibits good oxidative stability and produces lower NOx emissions. SFA do however demonstrate poor cold flow properties. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) exhibit better cold flow properties but produces higher NOx emissions and poorer oxidative stability.
The ideal requirements of biodiesel properties impose contradictory conditions on the fatty acid composition of biodiesel. For example, coconut and palm kernel oils which have a high percentage of lauric fatty acid are reported to circumvent all three drawbacks of biodiesel. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), specifically oleic acids, a major component in almost all biodiesel, display the positive characteristics of both SFA and PUFA. Biodiesel properties can therefore be improved by using various remedial methods including genetic engineering, reformulated biodiesel and additives.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Salmonid feeds can be formulated with high quality microalgae to maintain sustainability in the aquaculture industry. But, the suitability of different microalgae species as potential feed ...ingredients needs to be documented to enable ready acceptance by the farming industry. The aim of the present study is to investigate the potential of the microalga Scenedesmus sp. as a major ingredient in low fishmeal feeds of Atlantic salmon. Three feeds were formulated with Scenedesmus/fishmeal, at inclusion levels of 0/10, 10/5 and 20/2.5% (CT, SCE 10 and SCE 20, respectively); to investigate the effect of the ingredient on the weight gain, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, nutrient retention and chemical composition and nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon. In addition, the physical characteristics of feeds were investigated to assess the impact of the alga-incorporation on the quality of the feeds. Fish (initial average weight of 229 g) in 6 replicate tanks were fed one of the experimental feeds for 65 days. The results showed that fish fed SCE 20 had significantly lower weight gain, specific growth rate, thermal growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio than the CT group, which did not receive the microalga. Furthermore, the condition factor and protein efficiency ratio of the microalga-fed groups were lower than the CT group. Hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices of the groups did not differ significantly. Ash and protein content of whole fish fed SCE 20 were significantly higher, but dry matter, lipid, and energy of this group were lower than either the CT or the SCE 10 group. Retention of lipid and energy of all groups differed significantly, while that of protein in the Scenedesmus-fed groups were significantly different compared to the CT group.. Compared to the CT feed, digestibility of dry matter, protein, and energy in the algal feeds were significantly reduced. The highest fat leakage observed for the feed devoid of the alga and the hardness of the SCE 20 feed points to the better physical stability of the alga-containing feeds. Higher contents of n-3 fatty acids and PUFAs were found in the whole body of fish fed SCE 10. In conclusion, Scenedesmus sp. can be incorporated in low fishmeal diets for Atlantic salmon, at inclusion levels below 10%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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