The freze-dried colostrum powders were agglomerated with different binders (distilled water, lactose, maltodextrin and sucrose) and the highest agglomeration efficiency (62.65%) belonged to the ...process in which the sucrose binder was used. The agglomeration process significantly increased the particle size of all powders, and the highest particle size (365.67 μm) belonged to the agglomerated powder with lactose binder. The agglomeration process improved the fluidity properties of colostrum powder (by reducing CI, HR and AOR values), especially in colostrum powders agglomerated with distilled water. As a result of the agglomeration process in which maltodextrin and sucrose were used as binders, the reconstitution properties of the samples improved significantly with 83.23% and 82.7% solubility ratio, respectively compared to the freeze-dried control colostrum powder. According to DSC thermogram, the thermal resistance of agglomerated colostrum powders increased. As a result agglomerated colostrum powder with improved instant properties was obtained.
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•Colostrum milk was transformed into powder form using spray dryer and freze dryer.•Freeze-dried colostrum powder was agglomerated with different binders.•The spray-dried powder could not be agglomerated because not forming a fluid bed.•The fluidity and reconstitution properties of colostrum powder were improved.•Instant colostrum powder was obtained thanks to the agglomeration process.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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The increasing knowledge about the human microbiome leads to the awareness of how important probiotics can be for our health. Although further substantiation is required, it appears ...that several pathologies could be treated or prevented by the administration of pharmaceutical formulations containing such live health-beneficial bacteria. These pharmabiotics need to provide their effects until the end of shelf life, which can be optimally achieved by drying them before further formulation. However, drying processes, including spray-, freeze-, vacuum- and fluidized bed drying, induce stress on probiotics, thus decreasing their viability. Several protection strategies can be envisaged to enhance their viability, including addition of protective agents, controlling the process parameters and prestressing the probiotics prior to drying. Moreover, probiotic viability needs to be maintained during long-term storage. Overall, lower storage temperature and low moisture content result in good survival rates. Attention should also be given to the rehydration conditions of the dried probiotics, as this can exert an important effect on their revival. By describing not only the characteristics, but also the viability results obtained by the most relevant drying techniques in the probiotic industry, we hope to facilitate the deliberate choice of drying process and protection strategy for specific probiotic and pharmabiotic applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Multi-data fusion approach for the investigation of spout-fluid bed.
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•AE, pressure signals and visualization ECT images were collected from three flow regions synchronously.•Gas-solid ...hydrodynamics was investigated by multi-data fusion of AE, PF and ECT sensors.•Key flow parameters were given and analyzed based on frequency domain and phase space analysis.•Effects of operating parameters on the wetting and drying process in a spout-fluid bed were analyzed.
To investigate complex gas-solids flow characteristics of a spout-fluid bed with bafflers in wetting and drying process, a non-intrusive measurement technique combining pressure, acoustic transmitters and an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensor is proposed in this paper. The proposed approach can collect acoustic and pressure signals and realize visualization in three flow regions separated by two bafflers synchronously. By ECT images and power spectrum and wavelet analysis of the pressure drop signals, two typical flow state transitions in the wetting and drying process can be identified. The result analysis based on acoustic transmitter indicates that the particle–wall collision frequency band is narrow and the particle–particle collision frequency band is wide. A key recurrence quantization parameter of acoustic signal, Laminarity, increases with the decrease of particle flowability. The parameter of Laminarity combined with the capacitance signal related to the particle moisture content can effectively reflect the wetting rate and provide an accurate monitoring of de-fluidization process in the bed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•The aim of this experiment was to accelerate the development process of Andrographolide nanosuspension (AG-NS) using hummer acoustic resonance (HAR) technology and to fully explore ...the optimal formulation space of AG-NS.•HAR technology was a prospective and revolutionary nanosuspension preparation technology with the ability to prepare and evaluate multiple formulations in a high-throughput manner and excellent process scale-up capabilities.•The optimal prescription was successfully scaled up 100 and 150 times using HAR technology, which was the initial exploration of its commercial scale production.•The FB technology was a promising choice for solidifying nanosuspension, as the produced NSG not only maintained all the excellent properties of the nanosuspension, but also possessed excellent powder properties.
The aim of this study was to rapidly develop a sufficiently robust andrographolide nanosuspension (AG-NS) system using hummer acoustic resonance (HAR) technology. The system can effectively improve the dissolution properties of AG, while having high stability and scale-up adaptability. The formulation of AG-NS was optimized in a high-throughput manner using HAR technology and the preparation process was optimized stepwise. Optimal AG-NS with Z-Ave = 223.99 ± 3.16 nm, PDI=0.095 ± 0.007 and zeta potential = –33.20 ± 0.58 mV was successfully prepared with Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 and Sodium dodecyl sulfate. The optimal prescription was successfully scaled up 100 and 150 times using HAR technology, which was the initial exploration of its commercial scale production. AG-NS was solidified using freeze drying and fluid bed technology, respectively. The optimal AG-NS and its solidified products were exhaustively characterized using various analytical techniques. The high energy input of HAR technology and drying process converted part of the drug into the amorphous state. The in-vitro drug dissolution studies demonstrated relatively higher drug dissolution for AG-NS and its solidified products compared to controls at both the dissolution media (pH 1.2 buffer and pH 6.8 buffer). AG-NS and its solidified products successfully maintained their physical stability in short-term stability and accelerated stability experiments, respectively.
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The purpose of the present study was to develop hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)-based solid dispersed granules as a superior system to solid dispersion. The solid dispersed ...granules and solid dispersion were compared in terms of powder property improvement, solubility increment and oral bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble dexibuprofen. Solid dispersion (drug/HP-β-CD/Tween80 = 1:7:0.1, weight ratio) and solid dispersed granules (drug/HP-β-CD/Tween80/Microcrystalline cellulose = 1:7:0.1:4) were fabricated using a spray-dryer and fluid bed granulator, respectively. The HP-β-CD-based solid dispersed granules significantly improved solubility, dissolution profile and oral bioavailability of dexibuprofen compared to pure drug powder. Moreover, the solid dispersed granules maximised the oral bioavailability of dexibuprofen to the same extent as the solid dispersion. However, considerable improvements of powder and tablet properties were observed in solid dispersed granules as compared with solid dispersion. Therefore, HP-β-CD-based solid dispersed granules would be a prospective alternative to solid dispersion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Changes in pressure drop and solids concentration in a spout-fluid bed.
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•A novel ECT sensor was designed and used to investigate the gas–solid flow in a spout-fluid bed.•Gas-solid ...hydrodynamics was investigated by the ECT sensor and CCD images.•Key flow parameters were given and analyzed based on time-series analysis.•Effects of operating parameters on the gas-solids spout-fluid bed were analysed.
To investigate spouted flow characteristics in a rectangular spout-fluid bed with bafflers, a non-intrusive measurement approach, which combines electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), pressure measurements and high-speed CCD imaging technology, is proposed. The ECT sensor has 12 electrodes on the external wall and 12 electrodes inside, forming three imaging regions with 8 electrodes in each region. The flow hydrodynamic characteristics in the spouted bed e.g., pressure fluctuation, particle packing fraction and fountain form, are investigated. The frequency domain of pressure and particle packing fraction signals as well as ECT images indicate that the flow regime in the jet region transits from slugging to spouting in fountain formation process, and when the fluidization velocity in one side increases, the flow regime in the same region transits into slugging bed. The spouting pressure drop is affected by the fluidization condition in the side region, and the high characteristic frequency of pressure signal decreases when the side region condition changes from blockage to fluidization. The fountain height increases linearly with the superficial gas velocity. When the gas velocity is high, the fountain tends to be offset by the influence of the lateral airflow which is caused by the imbalance of the air pressure on two side regions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The hybrid modeling strategy which is based on the integration of mechanistic and data-driven models is proposed and applied on fluidized bed granulation processes. The tight combination of empirical ...process knowledge by means of a mechanistic model and the multivariate data from PAT sensors allowed to gain benefits from both components. The hybrid strategy avoids any discrepancies between model and real process, increases transferability and general applicability of the model, as well as allows a smooth integration of Quality-by-Design principles for oral solid dosage forms.
In this contribution, two illustrative application examples for fluidized bed spray agglomeration and fluidized bed layering or coating processes are presented. It was shown that the proposed strategy can be successfully applied to support process development on different scales. It results in better process understanding, creation of regime maps and might end with the generation of a digital twin.
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•The simultaneous application of mechanistic and data-driven models was used to support process development.•Aggregation rate factor (ARF) and accumulated process parameter (APP) were introduced as scale-independent parameters.•Process regime maps for characterization of growth kinetics on different equipment scales were developed.•The final model architecture was determined by the type of solved problem and the availability of experimental data.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The potential application of fungal laccase-assisted bioremediation for estrogen elimination has caused tremendous attention. Herein, naturally-occurring Trametes versicolor laccase (Tvlac) was ...capable of significantly removing 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) at pH 5. A lower (or higher) pH caused decline in the velocity constants (kprcs) by obstructing the single-electron oxidation of estrogen at Tvlac T1-Cu site (or intercepting the intramolecular-electron transfer between Tvlac T1-Cu and T2/T3-Cu sites). Humic acid (HA) and natural phenolic compounds (PCs) are omnipresent in water and can influence the conversion kinetics of estrogen in Tvlac-triggered reactions. Compared with HA-free, the kprcs values of E2 and EE2 in presence of HA respectively reduced 58.61%–83.72% and 69.72%–95.62% at different pH levels. Additionally, the kprcs values for estrogen were also hampered obviously by O-dihydroxyphenol structure of model PCs, owning to the created monomeric/polymeric O-quinones inverted estrogen phenoxy radicals. The generated carbon‑carbon/oxygen self-linking aggregates during Tvlac-mediated estrogen oxidative coupling were characterized, and the polymerization mechanisms were speculated. A fluid-bed reactor with cross-linked-entrapped Tvlac in Ca-alginate beads was established to treat E2 and EE2, respectively. Compared with free Tvlac, immobilized Tvlac prominently exhibited a higher pH and temperature stability. Especially, the fluid-bed reactor with immobilized Tvlac could be reused, keeping its high conversion efficiencies of E2 and EE2 in natural water, only changing from 99.2% to 73.6% and from 98.5% to 70.9% after 1 to 5 cycles, respectively. These findings present an alternative immobilized fungal laccase-based clean biotechnology for continuously handling estrogen-contaminated waterbodies at a large-scale.
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•Tvlac-assisted conversion kinetics of estrogen exhibited strong pH dependency.•HA evidently blocked removal of estrogen through quenching estrogen radicals.•Tvlac aided self/cross-linking of estrogen and PCs to create new polymeric species.•A fluid-bed reactor with cross-linked-entrapped Tvlac within Ca-AB was designed.•Immobilized Tvlac owned great reuse potential to continuously eliminate estrogen.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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