Aim
This study compared the faecal microbial composition of formula‐fed infants who did and did not have colic.
Methods
Faecal samples from formula‐fed infants under 16 weeks of age with (n = 38) and ...without (n = 39) colic were collected at Department of Pediatrics in Turin, Italy, between February 2014 and October 2015. The pH and faecal ammonia were determined and total bacteria, bifidobacteria, lactic acid bacteria and coliforms were quantified by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH).
Results
Faecal ammonia was significantly higher in the colicky infants than in the controls (483 vs. 216 μg/g, p < 0.05). The FISH counts of total bacteria were lower in colicky infants (1.8E10 ± 1.5E10) than in the controls (3.4E10 ± 3.0E10) (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of coliform bacteria was significantly higher in colicky infants (p < 0.05). No differences were observed for the bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts between the two groups.
Conclusion
Our comparison of formula‐fed infants with and without colic revealed significant differences in total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and faecal ammonia. This study provides the stimulus for further studies of the gut microbiome, using new methods of analysis such as 16S metagenomics sequencing in order to lead to more tailored dietary approaches.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The complex communities of microorganisms that colonise the human gastrointestinal tract play an important role in human health. The development of culture-independent molecular techniques has ...provided new insights in the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Here, we summarise the present state of the art on the intestinal microbiota with specific attention for the application of high-throughput functional microbiomic approaches to determine the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to human health. Moreover, we review the association between dysbiosis of the microbiota and both intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of probiotic microorganism to modulate the intestinal microbiota and thereby contribute to health and well-being. The effects of probiotic consumption on the intestinal microbiota are addressed, as well as the development of tailor-made probiotics designed for specific aberrations that are associated with microbial dysbiosis.
Development of the human gut microbiota commences at birth, with bifidobacteria being among the first colonizers of the sterile newborn gastrointestinal tract. To date, the genetic basis of ...Bifidobacterium colonization and persistence remains poorly understood. Transcriptome analysis of the Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 2.42-Mb genome in a murine colonization model revealed differential expression of a type IVb tight adherence (Tad) pilus-encoding gene cluster designated "tadââââ." Mutational analysis demonstrated that the tadââââ gene cluster is essential for efficient in vivo murine gut colonization, and immunogold transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of Tad pili at the poles of B. breve UCC2003 cells. Conservation of the Tad pilus-encoding locus among other B. breve strains and among sequenced Bifidobacterium genomes supports the notion of a ubiquitous pili-mediated host colonization and persistence mechanism for bifidobacteria.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
Breastfed infants pass more stools and more liquid stools than formula fed infants and some have no bowel movements or infrequent stools for several days or weeks. We compared exclusively ...breastfed and exclusively formula fed infants for the first three months.
Methods
This study of 118 infants was carried out in the maternity ward of the Lille University Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, France, in 2015. The outcomes were the number and consistency of stools and the prevalence of infrequent stools.
Results
At three months, 84 infants remained and we compared 40 who were exclusively breastfed and 13 who were exclusively formula fed. Daily stool frequency was significantly higher in the breastfed than formula fed infants during the first (4.9 ± 1.7 vs. 2.3 ± 1.6, p < 0.001) and second (3.2 ± 1.6 vs. 1.6 ± 1.5, p = 0.003) months. Stools were more liquid in the breastfed infants during the first three months. Infrequent stools occurred in 28% of breastfed and 8% of formula fed infants at least once. (p = 0.25).
Conclusion
Exclusively breastfed infants produced more stools than exclusively formula fed infants during the first two months and more liquid stools during the first three. Infrequent stools were 3.5 times more likely in the breastfed infants.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Human milk is generally accepted as the best nutrition for newborns and has been shown to support the optimal growth and development of infants. On the basis of scientific insights from human-milk ...research, a specific mixture of nondigestible oligosaccharides has been developed, with the aim to improve the intestinal microbiota in early life. The mixture has been extensively studied and has been shown to be safe and to have potential health benefits that are similar to those of human milk. The specific mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides has been found to affect the development of early microbiota and to increase the Bifidobacterium amounts as observed in human-milk–fed infants. The resulting gut ecophysiology is characterized by high concentrations of lactate, a slightly acidic pH, and specific short-chain fatty acid profiles, which are high in acetate and low in butyrate and propionate. Here, we have summarized the main findings of dietary interventions with these specific oligosaccharides on the gut microbiota in early life. The gut ecophysiology in early life may have consequences for the metabolic, immunologic, and even neurologic development of the child because reports increasingly substantiate the important function of gut microbes in human health. This review highlights major findings in the field of early gut colonization and the potential impact of early nutrition in healthy growth and development.
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CMK, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria have traditionally been recognized as potential health-promoting microbes in the human gastrointestinal tract, which is clearly reflected by the pre- and probiotic ...supplements on the market. Bacterial genomics of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria is initiating the identification and validation of specific effector molecules that mediate host health effects. Combined with advanced postgenomic mammalian host response analyses, elucidations of the molecular interactions and mechanisms that underlie the host-health effects observed are beginning to be gathered. These developments should be seen in the complexity of the microbiota-host relationships in the intestine, which through the new metagenomic era has regained momentum and will undoubtedly progress to functional microbiomics and host response analyses within the next decade. Taken together, these developments are anticipated to dramatically alter the scope and impact of the probiotic field, offering tremendous new opportunities with accompanying challenges for research and industrial application.
OBJECTIVE: To find out the self-motivated cadence of intestinal microbiota by zinc obtainability with help of next generation sequencing. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on infants ...aging 1-4 months from Peshawar, Pakistan. Out of 50 infants enrolled in study, data of 46 healthy infants 23 breast-fed (BF) and 23 formula-fed (FF) were available for final analysis. Their blood and stool samples were collected and analyzed for zinc and fecal DNA extraction, for metagenomic shot gun sequencing using next generation. RESULTS: Mean age of infants was 78.40±35.88 days. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria are the four dominating major phyla found in the gut microbiota of the sample population. In breast-fed infants, mean plasma zinc was 0.138 ± 0.118 mg/L whereas, in formula-fed infants it was 0.120±0. 026 mg/L. Correlation of zinc levels with gut microbes revealed that Phylum Bacteroidetes was very low in breast-fed while in formula-fed infants it was negligible to an extent that cannot be correlated with zinc. It was also observed that there is abundance of Proteobacteria (BF: r=-0.276, p=0.264) and (FF: r= -0.043, p= 0.873) in both the zinc deficient groups whereas, Firmicutes content was (BF: r= 0.392, p=0.207) and (FF: r= -0.030, p= 0.905). CONCLUSION: Both breast-fed and formula-fed infants had low gut microbial diversity due to low zinc levels emphasizing the need to address and rectify this problem. The improved zinc status of the infants will enable the researchers to establish and ascertain the association of zinc status with the diversity of microbiome.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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► CE-LIF/MS
n
of oligosaccharides in breast milk and corresponding baby feces in time. ► No major changes in presence of HMOs in breast milk during 6
months. ► Acidic or neutral fecal ...HMOs during first few months (stage 1), dependent on milk. ► Joint HMO and blood group specific oligosaccharides (A, B, H(0)) dominant (stage 2). ► No HMOs and blood group oligosaccharides when solid food is introduced (stage 3).
The characterization of oligosaccharides in the feces of breast-fed babies is a valuable tool for monitoring the gastrointestinal fate of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). In the present study we monitored fecal oligosaccharide profiles together with the HMO-profiles of the respective breast milks up to six months postpartum, by means of capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection and mass spectrometry. Eleven mother/child pairs were included. Mother’s secretor- and Lewis-type included all combinations Le(a−b+), Le(a+b−), Le(a−b−). The fecal HMO-profiles in the first few months of life are either predominantly composed of neutral or acidic HMOs and are possibly effected by the HMO-fingerprint in the respective breast milk. Independent of the initial presence of acidic or neutral fecal HMOs, a gradual change to blood-group specific oligosaccharides was observed. Their presence pointed to a gastrointestinal degradation of the feeding-related HMOs, followed by conjugation with blood group specific antigenic determinants present in the gastrointestinal mucus layer. Eleven of these ‘hybrid’-oligosaccharides were annotated in this study. When solid food was introduced, no HMOs and their degradation- and metabolization products were recovered in the fecal samples.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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