Developmental genetics in primitive chordates Sordino, Paolo; Belluzzi, Lisa; Santis, Rosaria De ...
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences,
10/2001, Volume:
356, Issue:
1414
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Recent advances in the study of the genetics and genomics of urochordates testify to a renewed interest in this chordate subphylum, believed to be the most primitive extant chordate relatives of the ...vertebrates. In addition to their primitive nature, many features of their reproduction and early development make the urochordates ideal model chordates for developmental genetics. Many urochordates spawn large numbers of transparent and externally developing embryos on a daily basis. Additionally, the embryos have a defined and well-characterized cell lineage until the end of gastrulation. Furthermore, the genomes of the urochordates have been estimated to be only 5-10% of the size of the vertebrates and to have fewer genes and less genetic redundancy than vertebrates. Genetic screens, which are powerful tools for investigating developmental mechanisms, have recently become feasible due to new culturing techniques in ascidians. Because hermaphrodite ascidians are able to self-fertilize, recessive mutations can be detected in a single generation. Several recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of applying modern genetic techniques to the study of ascidian biology.
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Plant Cytoskeleton Baird, W. Vance; Yemets, Alla I; Breviario, Diego
2008, 2008-10-01
eBook
The cytoskeleton is a key intracellular structure governing relevant processes such as cell division, growth, molecule trafficking, and response to internal and external signals. This work deals with ...the cytoskeleton as the 'server' for these numerous and multi-tasked nodes. It presents achievements attained in basic research of the cytoskeleton.
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Fungi have an astounding and diverse impact on this planet. While they are agents of human diseases and the cause of allergic reactions, factories for the conversion of carbon in environmental and ...industrially adapted systems, and potential biological weapons, their importance as plant pathogens is unparalleled. In plants alone, fungi cause tens of thousands of different diseases and are responsible for massive losses of food, fiber and forestry at an estimated annual cost of hundreds of billions of dollars. These losses are not only realized in the incomes of individual farmers and state economies, but contribute significantly to world hunger problems and issues relating to safeguarding a global food supply. Our collective understanding of how fungi, particularly plant pathogens, grow, reproduce, identify a host and cause disease is still at a formative stage. There is an equal lack of detailed knowledge about how a plant recognizes that it is being attacked and then mounts an adequate defense response. The advent of genomic technologies has given researchers an unprecedented opportunity to address these mysteries in a powerful and more holistic manner. Where the genetic revolution of only a few years ago allowed for the characterization of single genes, today's genomic technologies are facilitating the evaluation of the entire complement of genes in an organism and the discovery of the suites of genes that act during any one time or particular condition. This review will describe the recent development of tools for whole or partial genome analysis and multigenome comparisons. Th discussion focuses on the rice blast pathosystem as a case study.
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Diving Deeper into Mechanism Rosvall, Kimberly A; Bergeon Burns, Christine M; Peterson, Mark P
Snowbird,
04/2016
Book Chapter
If we are to understand how hormone-mediated traits evolve, we need to examine the mechanisms underlying individual and sex differences in hormones and their effect on physiology, behavior, and ...ultimately fitness. This chapter begins to unravel this mechanistic black box, focusing on individual and sex variation in production of testosterone (T), sensitivity to T, and the downstream effects of T on organismal biological processes, employing the dark-eyed junco as a model. Correlational and experimental studies at each of these levels of analysis reveal a remarkable degree of independence among the constituent parts of the endocrine system. Further, although the sexes show striking similarities in the abundance of transcript for sex steroid binding and processing molecules at neural targets, the downstream genomic effects of hormones differ between males and females. Thus, while hormonal pleiotropy produces suites of correlated traits, individual variation in circulating T, sensitivity to T, and T-mediated gene expression exists along many different axes within the endocrine system, providing a multitude of different mechanisms on which selection could act. Likewise, the sexes appear to have found partial solutions to sexual conflict over T at each of these parts of the endocrine system, particularly with respect to the downstream genomic effects of T.
Freezing Tolerance in the Triticeae Gabor, Galiba; Stockinger, Eric J; Francia, Enrico ...
Translational Genomics for Crop Breeding,
2013, 2013-11-15
Book Chapter
Species of the Triticeae tribe of the Poaceae, such as wheat and barley, able to acclimate to and to tolerate frost, are one of the best models for studying freezing tolerance in herbaceous, nonwoody ...plants. This chapter reviews in detail the genetic and genomic knowledge accumulated over the last twenty years in these model species, in terms of genetic loci and sequence variation able to confer higher tolerance to frost. Genomic selection (GS) could be particularly useful for accumulating durable (quantitative) disease resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in wheat, as proposed by Rutkoski and colleagues for stem rust, where the multigenic nature of adult plant resistance hampers the efficiency of MAS‐based pyramiding. Lastly, the use of genetic resources, as well as new genomic tools for producing freezing tolerant varieties, is discussed.
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Development of an Equine SNP Genotyping Array
Equine SNP50 Beadchip Design and Validation in the Domestic Horse
Utility of the Equine SNP50 ...Beadchip for Genome‐Wide Mapping Strategies
Utility of the Beadchip for Mapping Simple Traits within Breeds
Use of the Equine SNP50 Beadchip for Mapping of Complex Traits in the Horse
Mapping across Breeds
Utility of the Equine SNP50 Beadchip for Population Genetic Analysis in the Horse
Utility of the Equine SNP50 Beadchip in Extant Perissodactyla
Design of a Second‐Generation Equine SNP Genotyping Array
References
Transposase Izsvák, Z.; Grzela, D.; Ivics, Z.
Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics,
2013, 20130000, Volume:
7
Reference, Book Chapter
Transposase is a transposable element-encoded recombinase protein that is responsible for the element’s movement or transposition. The transposase recognizes specific sequences in the transposon and ...performs a specific recombination reaction called transposition.
This chapter discusses the relevance of model host pathogenesis as a third general approach to studying microbial virulence, in which infections are studied in the context of nonvertebrate whole ...animal hosts. The chapter explains the combination of four key steps: (i) the development of the model host‐pathogen system, (ii) the development of genomic tools in both the pathogen and host, (iii) the distribution and use of these tools by the greater research community beyond the laboratories involved in their initial development, and (iv) the collection and ultimate integration of experimental data from a wide variety of research groups made possible by the widespread use of a common resource and its accompanying Web‐accessible public database. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 was chosen for the construction of a non‐redundant mutant library because it is remarkably virulent in the greatest number of model hosts tested, as well as in a number of murine systems of infection. There are four major advantages to construction of a non‐redundant mutant library approach as opposed to the traditional approach of screening a random collection of strains for avirulent or attenuated mutants. A microarray experiment in a Caenhorhabidits elegans mutant defective in a newly defined host defense response gene identified candidate downstream genes important in the response to pathogens.
The genetic bottlenecks associated with plant domestication and subsequent selection in man-made agroecosystems have limited the genetic diversity of modern crops and increased their vulnerability to ...environmental stresses. Wild emmer wheat, the tetraploid progenitor of domesticated wheat, distributed along a wide range of ecogeographical conditions in the Fertile Crescent, has valuable "left behind" adaptive diversity to multiple diseases and environmental stresses. The biotic and abiotic stress responses are conferred by series of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control complex resistance pathways. The study of genetic diversity, genomic organization, expression profiles, protein structure and function of biotic and abiotic stress-resistance genes, and QTLs could shed light on the evolutionary history and adaptation mechanisms of wild emmer populations for their natural habitats. The continuous evolution and adaptation of wild emmer to the changing environment provide novel solutions that can contribute to safeguarding food for the rapidly growing human population.
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