Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) include viruses that can induce lymphoproliferative diseases and tumors. These viruses can persist in the long term in the absence of any pathological manifestation in their ...natural host. Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) belongs to the genus Macavirus and asymptomatically infects its natural host, the wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.). However, when transmitted to several susceptible species belonging to the order Artiodactyla, AlHV-1 is responsible for the induction of a lethal lymphoproliferative disease, named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the induction of WD-MCF is important to better control the risks of transmission and disease development in susceptible species. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on WD-MCF with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which AlHV-1 induces the disease. We discuss the potential mechanisms of pathogenesis from viral entry into the host to the maintenance of viral genomes in infected CD8sup.+ T lymphocytes, and we present current hypotheses to explain how AlHV-1 infection induces a peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease.
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Rusingoryx atopocranion was previously known from incomplete specimens, but a team led by Haley O'Brien at Ohio University in Athens and Tyler Faith at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, ...Australia, have discovered six more-complete skulls on an island in Lake Victoria in Kenya (one of the skulls is pictured).
Large mammals that live in arid and/or desert environments can cope with seasonal and local variations in rainfall, food and climate
by moving long distances, often without reliable water or food en ...route. The capacity of an animal for this long-distance travel is substantially dependent on the rate of energy utilization and thus heat production during locomotion-the cost of transport
. The terrestrial cost of transport is much higher than for flying (7.5 times) and swimming (20 times)
. Terrestrial migrants are usually large
with anatomical specializations for economical locomotion
, because the cost of transport reduces with increasing size and limb length
. Here we used GPS-tracking collars
with movement and environmental sensors to show that blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus, 220 kg) that live in a hot arid environment in Northern Botswana walked up to 80 km over five days without drinking. They predominantly travelled during the day and locomotion appeared to be unaffected by temperature and humidity, although some behavioural thermoregulation was apparent. We measured power and efficiency of work production (mechanical work and heat production) during cyclic contractions of intact muscle biopsies from the forelimb flexor carpi ulnaris of wildebeest and domestic cows (Bos taurus, 760 kg), a comparable but relatively sedentary ruminant. The energetic costs of isometric contraction (activation and force generation) in wildebeest and cows were similar to published values for smaller mammals. Wildebeest muscle was substantially more efficient (62.6%) than the same muscle from much larger cows (41.8%) and comparable measurements that were obtained from smaller mammals (mouse (34%)
and rabbit (27%)). We used the direct energetic measurements on intact muscle fibres to model the contribution of high working efficiency of wildebeest muscle to minimizing thermoregulatory challenges during their long migrations under hot arid conditions.
Acer pseudoplatanus is a worldwide-distributed tree which contains toxins, among them hypoglycin A (HGA). This toxin is known to be responsible for poisoning in various species, including humans, ...equids, Père David’s deer and two-humped camels. We hypothesized that any herbivore pasturing with A. pseudoplatanus in their vicinity may be at risk for HGA poisoning. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the HGA exposure from A. pseudoplatanus in species not yet described as being at risk. Animals in zoological parks were the major focus, as they are at high probability to be exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in enclosures. We also searched for a toxic metabolite of HGA (i.e., methylenecyclopropylacetyl-carnitine; MCPA-carnitine) in blood and an alteration of the acylcarnitines profile in HGA-positive animals to document the potential risk of declaring clinical signs. We describe for the first instance cases of HGA poisoning in Bovidae. Two gnus (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus) exposed to A. pseudoplatanus in their enclosure presented severe clinical signs, serum HGA and MCPA-carnitine and a marked modification of the acylcarnitines profile. In this study, even though all herbivores were exposed to A. pseudoplatanus, proximal fermenters species seemed less susceptible to HGA poisoning. Therefore, a ruminal transformation of HGA is hypothesized. Additionally, we suggest a gradual alteration of the fatty acid metabolism in case of HGA poisoning and thus the existence of subclinical cases.
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Accurate and on-demand animal population counts are the holy grail for wildlife conservation organizations throughout the world because they enable fast and responsive adaptive management policies. ...While the collection of image data from camera traps, satellites, and manned or unmanned aircraft has advanced significantly, the detection and identification of animals within images remains a major bottleneck since counting is primarily conducted by dedicated enumerators or citizen scientists. Recent developments in the field of computer vision suggest a potential resolution to this issue through the use of rotation-invariant object descriptors combined with machine learning algorithms. Here we implement an algorithm to detect and count wildebeest from aerial images collected in the Serengeti National Park in 2009 as part of the biennial wildebeest count. We find that the per image error rates are greater than, but comparable to, two separate human counts. For the total count, the algorithm is more accurate than both manual counts, suggesting that human counters have a tendency to systematically over or under count images. While the accuracy of the algorithm is not yet at an acceptable level for fully automatic counts, our results show this method is a promising avenue for further research and we highlight specific areas where future research should focus in order to develop fast and accurate enumeration of aerial count data. If combined with a bespoke image collection protocol, this approach may yield a fully automated wildebeest count in the near future.
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The gnu's world Estes, Richard D
2014., 20140418, 2014, 2014-04-12
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This is the first scholarly book on the antelope that dominates the savanna ecosystems of eastern and southern Africa. It presents a synthesis of research conducted over a span of fifty years, mainly ...on the wildebeest in the Ngorongoro and Serengeti ecosystems, where eighty percent of the world's wildebeest population lives. Wildebeest and other grazing mammals drive the ecology and evolution of the savanna ecosystem. Richard D. Estes describes this process and also details the wildebeest's life history, focusing on its social organization and unique reproductive system, which are adapted to the animal's epic annual migrations. He also examines conservation issues that affect wildebeest, including range-wide population declines.
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