The concept of green chemistry is widely recognized in chemical laboratories. To properly measure an environmental impact of chemical processes, dedicated assessment tools are required. This paper ...summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of development of green chemistry and green analytical chemistry metrics. The diverse methods used for evaluation of the greenness of organic synthesis, such as eco-footprint, E-Factor, EATOS, and Eco-Scale are described. Both the well-established and recently developed green analytical chemistry metrics, including NEMI labeling and analytical Eco-scale, are presented. Additionally, this paper focuses on the possibility of the use of multivariate statistics in evaluation of environmental impact of analytical procedures. All the above metrics are compared and discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. The current needs and future perspectives in green chemistry metrics are also discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cu-catalysed arylation reactions devoted to the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds (Ullmann-type couplings) have acquired great importance in the last decade. This review discusses the history ...and development of coupling reactions between aryl halides and various classes of nucleophiles, focusing mostly on the different mechanisms proposed through the years. Selected mechanistic investigations are treated more in depth than others. For example, evidence in favour or against radical mechanisms is discussed. Cu(
i
) and Cu(
iii
) complexes involved in the Ullmann reaction and N/O selectivity in aminoalcohol arylation are discussed. A separate section has been dedicated to the synthesis of heterocyclic rings through intramolecular couplings. Finally, recent developments in green chemistry for these reactions, such as reactions in aqueous media and heterogeneous catalysis, have also been reviewed.
Copper-catalysed arylations represent valid and complementary alternatives to Pd catalysis. This review discusses the different mechanisms suggested for these reactions, and summarises some of their latest applications in synthesis.
Invited for this month′s cover is the research group of Sachin Handa at the University of Louisville and Wilfried Braje at AbbVie. The image shows how green chemistry in industry and micellar ...catalysis are contributing toward the environmental sustainability. The Minireview itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202000317.
“The efficiency of chemical reactions in Nature is unique…” This and more about the story behind the research that inspired the Cover image is presented in the Cover Profile. Read the full text of the corresponding research at 10.1002/cssc.202000317. View the Front Cover here: 10.1002/cssc.202001205.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
► An analytical Eco-Scale is proposed as a tool for green analysis evaluation. ► Limitations of existing green analytical metrics are presented. ► The greenness of every step of a multi-stage ...analytical process is discussed. ► A method of analytical Eco-Scale calculation is explained. ► Examples of the Eco-Scale values for several laboratory procedures are given.
We propose the analytical Eco-Scale as a novel comprehensive approach to evaluating the greenness of analytical methodology. It is based on assigning penalty points to parameters of an analytical process that are not in agreement with the ideal green analysis. This approach compares different parameters and different steps of the analytical process.
Traditional green chemistry metrics (e.g., Atom Economy, E-factor and Reaction Mass Efficiency), which were introduced for organic preparations, do not usually fit the purposes of green analytical chemistry. Existing databases for evaluation of green analytical methods refer to known procedures and instruments, and do not encourage new, more environmentally-friendly equivalents.
As an alternative to traditional green chemistry metrics, the analytical Eco-Scale can be a good, semi-quantitative tool.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The spiroindolenine framework is a privileged heterocyclic motif and is widely present in numerous indole alkaloids. Herein, we develop a metal-free and environmentally friendly approach for the ...intramolecular cascade cyclization and dearomatization of indole derivatives to selectively afford iodinated and vinylic spiroindolenines by a substrate-controlled strategy. Simple operation, mild conditions, and high yield make this strategy a green and attractive pathway to construct functionalizable spiroindolenine scaffolds, which could be converted into diverse useful spiroindolenine derivatives.
A prime example is supercritical carbon dioxide: ordinary, non-toxic carbon dioxide that has been heated and pressurized above its 'critical point' of 31.1 °C and 7.39 megapascals, beyond which it ...behaves like both a gas and a liquid, and readily serves as a solvent for a wide range of organic and inorganic reactions. Mostly, however, green chemistry's progress has been a matter of corporate buy-in, as epitomized by its promotion by the chemical industry's own voluntary initiative, Responsible Care (www.responsiblecare.org), which works with national industry associations to improve the industry's health, safety and environmental performance.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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