The COVID-19 pandemic has caused greater challenge for the investors and policymakers to mitigate the consequences of this pandemic. Through a review of the literature on the economics of the ...coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, this study explores the effects of the pandemic on the entrepreneurship taking in to account the gross domestic product, employment, and inflation (consumer price index) of Ethiopia during the first years of the pandemic. The review reveals that adverse economic effects have been observed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to fatalities. The pandemic has influenced in a negative way the country’s economy by reducing the GDP growth which has been recorded as one of the fastest economies for the last decade. The partial shutdown taken by the government as a response of the pandemic has led million lose their work increasing the unemployment rate and thus triggering inflation on consumers goods.
Understanding strategic commitments and policy responses to overcome antimicrobial resistance at the national, regional, and global levels is required to evaluate current progress and direct future ...planning. National action plans (NAPs) are the primary mechanism for guiding national strategy and action for antimicrobial resistance governance. Although several NAPs have been developed, no comprehensive content analysis of these plans exists. Using a governance framework, we aimed to assess all publicly available NAPs on antimicrobial resistance.
We systematically reviewed the contents of NAPs on antimicrobial resistance from 114 countries, applying a governance framework containing 18 domains and 54 indicators in three integral areas: policy design, implementation tools, and monitoring and evaluation. As well as manually searching NAPs and doing online and literature searches that were relevant to specific indicators from repository inception to June 1, 2022, several data sources were used to generate scores, including the Tripartite Antimicrobial Resistance Country Self-Assessment Survey, the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System, the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Development Hub, and various WHO datasets. NAPs were included if the country had also submitted the NAP to the Tripartite Antimicrobial Resistance Country Self-Assessment Survey 2020–21, if the NAP was retrievable through a publicly accessible database or website, and if the NAP was either published in English or eligible for machine translation. Three researchers independently reviewed each NAP and were initially blinded to the evaluations of other researchers. They generated a score using a quantification system for each of 54 indicators. The Cochrane protocol for ensuring reliability was followed. The three researchers were then unblinded and met to resolve any disagreements in scoring to reach a consensus agreement. In each case of discrepancy, consensus was reached between the researchers. We developed criteria to standardise the process of quantifying each indicator. We also weighted and collated relevant national data from various sources to generate composite scores concordant with the key governance areas. We transformed these data to a scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best), ranked countries on the basis of their mean scores, and used descriptive statistics to analyse global and regional trends.
306 NAPs were identified and 114 were eligible for analysis. Between 2020 and 2021, the mean antimicrobial resistance governance score was 51 (SD 14). Norway had the highest governance score (mean 85 SD 32), and the Federated States of Micronesia had the lowest governance score (28 37). The highest scoring domain was participation (83 16), and the lowest scoring domains were accountability (30 18) and feedback mechanism (30 25). Domains relating to policy design (55 13) and implementation tools (54 17) scored similarly, whereas monitoring and evaluation (38 20) efforts were lower.
International efforts to control antimicrobial resistance varied considerably between countries. Monitoring and evaluation efforts need improving for continuous understanding of national and international progress. International response might not be commensurate with the scale and severity of antimicrobial resistance.
None.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study aims to investigate the threshold effect of GDP on the causality between GDP and energy consumption (EC), using panel data of 26 OECD countries over the period 1971–2014. Threshold ...regression technique is employed to explore whether there exists a threshold of GDP in the relationship between GDP and energy consumption and Granger causality testing procedure based on panel VECM is applied to test the causality across GDP regimes. The empirical results highlight the existence of GDP threshold in which the effects of GDP on energy consumption and the direction of the energy-growth causality depend on the initial value of GDP. When real GDP per capita is less than US$ 48,170, there exists unidirectional causality from EC to GDP in both the short and long run. However, when GDP exceeds US$ 48,170 per capita, there is no causality relationship in the short run but GDP is found to Granger cause EC in the long run. The findings urge for the attention of policymakers to take the initiative in implementing energy conservation policies when the economy reaches certain high levels of development and to switch energy policies appropriately in different periods of economic growth, to foster sustainable development.
•We examine the GDP-dependent causality between energy use and GDP in 26 OECD countries.•We use threshold regression technique and causality testing based on panel VECM.•There exists a single threshold effect of GDP with the critical value is 48,170 USD.•In the first regime, there are causality relationships running from energy to GDP.•When GDP exceeds the threshold, there is unidirectional causality from GDP to energy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•This paper estimates water use efficiency of 31 provinces in China.•Water use efficiency is higher in economically developed provinces.•This paper analyzes factors affecting water use efficiency.
...This paper estimates water use efficiency of 31 provinces in China during 2004–2013 using slack based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model which takes consideration of sewage. By using panel data model, factors that influence water use efficiency are explored. The results show that: (1) water use efficiency is higher in economically developed provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. (2) In general, inefficiencies of labor input and water input are larger than that of capital input. (3) After taking into account sewage as unexpected output, inefficiency of gross domestic product (GDP) for each province is quite low, but most provinces have inefficient sewage emission. (4) It is found in the analysis of influencing factors that the ratio of added value of agricultural sector, water usage per capita and sewage per unit of output have negative impact on water resources use efficiency, while the import dependence and export dependence have positive impact. The results are robust.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
•Service replacement cost method (SRCM) is established to access the UUS value.•Urban services provided by UUS is summarized.•A relative magnitude of the UUS value is obtained through case study.
...Urban underground space (UUS) has attracted more and more attention worldwide, but its value, external value particularly, is often ignored or underestimated, which will influence or even change the trade-offs in the decision-making processes of UUS development. This paper employed service replacement cost method (SRCM) to access the value of urban underground space. Since the precise estimate of the value of urban underground space is almost an impossible task, this paper can only provide a crude approximation, in other words, a relative magnitude of the value of urban underground space. The case study of Changzhou City in China manifested that urban underground space provided an important portion of urban economy, which reached up to, but not be limited to, 1.8% of its GDP. This paper should aid in giving urban underground space more weight in urban decision-making process.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
496.
Forecast Overview
Economic outlook (London. 1977),
April 2020, 2020-04-00, 20200401, Volume:
44, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Prior to the spread of coronavirus to the UK, the economy's performance had been underwhelming. Despite an improvement in the business survey data in the aftermath of December's decisive election ...result, official data reported that GDP was flat in January.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We investigate how urban railroad and highway configurations have influenced urban form in Chinese cities since 1990. Each radial highway displaces 4% of central city population to surrounding ...regions, and ring roads displace about an additional 20%, with stronger effects in the richer coastal and central regions. Each radial railroad reduces central city industrial GDP by about 20%, with ring roads displacing an additional 50%. We provide evidence that radial highways decentralize service sector activity, radial railroads decentralize industrial activity, and ring roads decentralize both. Historical transportation infrastructure provides identifying variation in more recent measures of infrastructure.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
The article investigates the economic contribution of tourism to the GDP. We review background methodologies, systematically collect data for EU countries, and develop a sound and ready-to-use ...procedure for computing indirect and total economic impacts. The routine is then applied to selected destinations for which a minimum standard in the quality of data from Tourism Satellite Accounts and Input–Output tables is met. Methodologically, the article provides a tool for estimating the total contribution of tourism to output, gross value added, and employment. Empirically, the comparison of results across EU economies shows a high degree of heterogeneity in the tourism share to GDP, which is critically discussed. Our procedure delivers a key tool to researchers, industry leaders, and policy makers willing to investigate income and employment consequences of scenarios differing in the evolution of tourism demand, something of high relevance in the COVID-19 era.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this paper is to examine the causal relationship between financial development, trade, economic growth, energy consumption and carbon emissions in Turkey for the 1960–2007 period. The ...bounds F‐test for cointegration test yields evidence of a long-run relationship between per capita carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real income, the square of per capita real income, openness and financial development. The results show that an increase in foreign trade to GDP ratio results an increase in per capita carbon emissions and financial development variable has no significant effect on per capita carbon emissions in the long- run. These results also support the validity of EKC hypothesis in the Turkish economy. It means that the level of CO2 emissions initially increases with income, until it reaches its stabilization point, then it declines in Turkey. In addition, the paper explores causal relationship between the variables by using error-correction based Granger causality models.
► Relationship between financial development, trade, growth, energy consumption and carbon emissions is examined. ► It shows that an increase in foreign trade results in an increase in carbon emissions. ► Financial development has no significant effect on carbon emissions in the long run. ► These results also support the validity of EKC hypothesis in Turkish economy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
•Fossil fuel subsidies are large, amounting to 6.5% of global GDP in 2015.•Mispricing from a domestic perspective accounts for the bulk of the subsidy.•Coal subsidies account for the largest part ...(about half) of global subsidies.•In absolute terms, subsidies are highly concentrated in a few large countries.•The environmental, fiscal, and welfare gains from subsidy reform are substantial.
This paper estimates fossil fuel subsidies and the economic and environmental benefits from reforming them, focusing mostly on a broad notion of subsidies arising when consumer prices are below supply costs plus environmental costs and general consumption taxes.
Estimated subsidies are $4.9 trillion worldwide in 2013 and $5.3 trillion in 2015 (6.5% of global GDP in both years). Undercharging for global warming accounts for 22% of the subsidy in 2013, air pollution 46%, broader vehicle externalities 13%, supply costs 11%, and general consumer taxes 8%. China was the biggest subsidizer in 2013 ($1.8 trillion), followed by the United States ($0.6 trillion), and Russia, the European Union, and India (each with about $0.3 trillion). Eliminating subsidies would have reduced global carbon emissions in 2013 by 21% and fossil fuel air pollution deaths 55%, while raising revenue of 4%, and social welfare by 2.2%, of global GDP.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
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