Starch/amylose-guest inclusion complexes, a class of supramolecular host-guest assemblies, are of critical importance in the processing, preservation, digestion, nutrients/energy uptake, and health ...outcomes of starch-containing foods. Particularly, the formation of inclusion complex has been suggested to lower the rate and extent of enzymatic digestion of starch and starch-containing foods. Compared with rapidly digestible starch, starch inclusion complex may fall into the category of slowly digestible starch, providing sustained glucose release and maintaining glucose homeostasis. Therefore, the ability of starch-guest inclusion complex to alter the digestive behavior of energy-dense starchy foods has been of interest to many researchers and has the potential to be developed and formulated into functional foods. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and critical review on the current knowledge of the in vitro and in vivo enzymatic digestion of starch-guest inclusion complexes, by emphasizing the structure-digestibility relationship. We examine the preparation methods employed, crystalline structures obtained, and physicochemical properties characterized in previous reports, which all have implications on the digestive behavior reported on the starch-guest inclusion complexes. In addition, we give suggestions on future research to elucidate the digestive properties of starch-guest inclusion complexes and to develop functional structures based on these complexes for use in foods and nutrition.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Food is a complex system, which usually contains many different compounds. Thus, interaction between starch and other compounds is unavoidable and often significantly affects the properties of ...starch. Therefore, interaction between starch and other compounds has attracted considerable interest.
It is widely confirmed that starch can form the inclusion complex with a variety of small molecules, such as iodine, lipids, and aromatic compounds. Recently, it is found that starch and polyphenols can also form the inclusion complex. However, no related reviews are published. Thus, the formation, structure and properties of the starch-polyphenol inclusion complex are reviewed in this work. Specifically, this work describes the methods to prepare the inclusion complex, the techniques to identify the complex, protection of the complex on the polyphenol, digestibility and potential prebiotic activity of the complex.
Formation of the starch-polyphenol inclusion complex can improve the stability and achieve slow release of the polyphenol, thus improving the bioavailability. Moreover, the starch-polyphenol inclusion complex is resistant to digestive enzymes. Thus, this complex is considered as the Type-5 resistant starch, which is similar to the starch-lipid complex. The resistance of the starch-polyphenol inclusion complex results from inhibition of polyphenols on digestive enzymes and the single helixes of starch formed in the complex. Thus, the starch-polyphenol complex may be more resistant than the starch-lipid complex. Moreover, this complex may have synergistic effects of polyphenols and traditional resistant starch without polyphenols in the prebiotic activity, which is a promising prebiotic ingredient.
•Starch can form the inclusion or non-inclusion complex with polyphenols.•Formation of the inclusion complex can improve the stability of the polyphenol.•Formation of the starch-polyphenol complex can reduce digestibility of starch.•The resistant inclusion complex is considered as Type-5 resistant starch.•The starch-polyphenol inclusion complex may be a promising prebiotic.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Niclosamide (NIC) has been found to have good antitumor activity in recent years, but its poor water solubility has limited its use in the treatment of tumors. In this study, ...NIC-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (NHC) was prepared to improve the solubility and bioavailability of NIC. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the NHC showed that the NHC was successfully prepared. The NIC standard curve was then established by UV spectrophotometry and the encapsulation rate of the NHC was examined and the encapsulation rate of NHC was 81.05%. The therapeutic effects of NIC and NHC on breast cancer were compared by in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vitro experiments, we performed MTT, apoptosis, and cell cycle assays, and the results showed that NHC was able to promote apoptosis and block the G2/M phase better than NIC. The tumour inhibition rate of NIC was 39.99% and that of NHC was 49.76%, which showed a significant reduction in tumors. There was also a reduction in lung metastasis after NHC inclusion treatment compared to NIC. Histopathological sections also showed significant improvement in symptoms after administration. In conclusion, the NHC is a potentially effective treatment for breast cancer compared to NIC.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Designing suitable adsorbents is a key challenge in the recovery of Au(I) from thiosulfate gold‐leaching solutions as the ideal adsorbent not only possesses abundant active sites with high affinities ...and selectivities toward Au(I), but also demonstrates fast recovery of Au(I) at high purity and large capacity. Herein, guided by theoretical calculations, a water‐insoluble inclusion complex is synthesized using β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and diphenylphosphine (DPP) as host and guest molecules, respectively, by a steric hindrance strategy for highly efficient and selective Au(I) recovery. The prepared β‐CD@DPP exhibits outstanding Au(I) adsorption performance, with a saturated loading capacity of 146.28 mg g−1. The excellent adsorption performance of β‐CD@DPP for Au(I) is mainly attributed to the full exposure of the adsorption site and the weakly alkaline adsorption environment. Furthermore, β‐CD@DPP demonstrates outstanding selectivity for Au(I) in a Cu─NH3─thiosulfate gold‐leaching solution, and the Au(I) recovery rate is higher than 99%. Synthesis of β‐CD@DPP primarily depends on the weak interactions between DPP and β‐CD. Mechanism of adsorption of Au(I) on β‐CD@DPP involves ligand exchange between PPh2− and Au(S2O3)23−. This study provides a new idea and material preparation method for highly efficient, selective, and large‐capacity recovery of Au(I) from thiosulfate leaching solution.
Diphenylphosphine as a guest molecule is introduced into the β‐cyclodextrin cavity via a simple method to render β‐cyclodextrin insoluble in water. The resulting complex is employed to recover gold ions from the thiosulfate gold‐leaching solution and demonstrates superior gold recovery performance to those of previously reported materials and high selectivity for Au ions in the presence of interfering ions.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Spectroscopic and physicochemical studies reveal that β-cyclodextrin forms inclusion complexes with three important neurotransmitters in aqueous medium. Job’s method indicates 1:1 stoichiometry of ...the inclusion complexes and NMR study confirms the inclusion phenomena. Association constants and thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy. Display omitted
•β-CD forms inclusion complexes with DH, TH and (±)-EH.•Job’s method indicates 1:1 stoichiometry of the inclusion complexes.•Surface tension and conductivity studies support the inclusion phenomenon.•1H NMR study confirms the encapsulation process.•Ka, ΔHo, ΔSo and ΔGo have been estimated for the encapsulation process.
Molecular assemblies of β-cyclodextrin with few of the most important neurotransmitters, viz., dopamine hydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride and (±)-epinephrine hydrochloride in aqueous medium have been explored by reliable spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques as potential drug delivery systems. Job plots confirm the 1:1 host–guest inclusion complexes, while surface tension and conductivity studies illustrate the inclusion process. The inclusion complexes were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and association constants have been calculated by using Benesi–Hildebrand method. Thermodynamic parameters for the formation of inclusion complexes have been derived by van’t Hoff equation, which demonstrate that the overall inclusion processes are thermodynamically favorable.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•PPT induced the collapse of β-CD3 intramolecular inclusion complex.•The PPT/β-CD3 inclusion complex formed at a ratio of 1:1 with a Ks value 11710 M−1.•The water solubility of PPT was increased by ...300 times after inclusion.•The inclusion complex still maintained effective anti-cancer activity.•The β-CD3 was non-toxic to normal cells, and the toxicity of PPT/β-CD3 reduced.
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) has a powerful anti-tumor effect on many types of tumors. Its non-specific toxicity and limited solubility in water make it difficult to use in clinical settings unfortunately. Macrocyclic molecules such as cyclodextrins provide a method to improve the water solubility of guest molecules by studying the host-guest interaction. In this study, the molecular recognition behavior of PPT as a guest was studied with β-cyclodextrin trimer (β-CD3) as the host. The results of DOSY NMR and ROESY NMR indicated that the three cavities of β-CD3 form an intramolecular inclusion complex with its own three triazoles. After adding PPT to intramolecular inclusion system, PPT molecule would compete with triazoles of β-CD3 for the cavity site, leading to the destroy of intramolecular inclusion complex and forming a 1:1 inclusion complex with a stability constant of 11710 M−1. In addition, PPT inclusion complex still maintained PPT's effective anti-cancer activity and the water solubility of PPT inclusion complex was 300 times higher than that of free PPT. Moreover, normal human colonic epithelial cells CCD841was essentially unaffected by β-CD3. Our research presents a concept for the advancement and utilization of β-CD3.
Podophyllotoxin/β-cyclodextrin trimer inclusion complex was successfully prepared and characterized. The results showed the three cavities of β-CD3 form an intramolecular inclusion complex with its own three triazoles. After adding PPT to intramolecular inclusion system, PPT molecules would compete with triazoles of β-CD3 for the cavity site, leading to the destroy of intramolecular inclusion complex and forming a 1:1 inclusion complex. At the same time, the water solubility of inclusion complex was significantly increased and its effective anticancer activity was preserved when compared to podophyllotoxin. Display omitted
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Poor aqueous solubility of both, existing drug molecules and those which are currently in the developmental stage, have posed a great challenge to pharmaceutical scientists because they often exhibit ...poor dissolution behavior and subsequent poor and erratic bioavailability. This has triggered extensive research to explore nanotechnology‐based technology platforms for possible rescue. Recently, nanofibers have been exploited widely for diverse biomedical applications including for drug delivery. Electrospun nanofibers are capable of preserving the homogeneously loaded therapeutic agents in amorphous state potentialy impairing devitrification. The present review aims at providing an overview of the various key factors that affect the electrospinning process and characteristics of the nanofibers while fabrication of drug loaded nanofibers for poorly soluble drug candidates. The review explores various methodological advancements in the electrospinning process and set‐ups for production scale‐up. The various types of electrospun nanofibers (like simple matrix, core‐sheath, Janus, and inclusion complex nanofibers) that have been exploited for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs are also critically assessed.
This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diversities of nanofibers
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Natural preservatives such as cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are garnering increasing interest to replace their synthetic counterparts in maintaining fruit freshness and safety. However, their long-term ...effectiveness and widespread application have been greatly limited due to high volatility and potent aroma. To address these challenges, we developed a viable and simple strategy to prepare a multifunctional active coating for fruit preservation by incorporating host-guest inclusion complex of CIN and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) CIN@HP-β-CD into hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polysaccharide with exceptional film-forming properties. The as-prepared HA/CIN@HP-β-CD coatings exhibited universal surface affinity, excellent antimicrobial performance, and satisfactory antioxidant properties with no potential toxicity. Release kinetic studies have demonstrated that CIN in the coating is continuously and slowly released. Furthermore, freshness preservation experiments on bananas and fresh-cut apples demonstrated that the developed coating is effective in preserving the color of fruit, decreasing the weight loss rate, preventing the microorganism's growth, and significantly extending the period of freshness, exhibiting the potential for application in fruit preservation.
•A bioactive HA-based coating incorporating CIN@HP-β-CD inclusion was developed.•The coating exhibits an excellent inhibition of foodborne microorganisms.•The coating possesses universal surface affinity, transparency, and long-lasting antioxidant activity.•The coating could prolong the freshness of bananas and fresh-cut apples (7 days and 24 h).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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Since their discovery over 100 years ago cyclodextrins (CDs) have been the subject of numerous scientific publications. In 2016 alone CDs were the subject of over 2200 research ...articles published in peer-reviewed journals and mentioned in over 2300 patents and patent applications, many of which were on pharmaceutical applications. Natural CDs and their derivatives are used as enabling pharmaceutical excipients that enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drugs, increase drug permeability through biological membranes and improve drug bioavailability. Unlike conventional penetration enhancers, their hydrophilic structure and high molecular weight prevents them from penetrate into lipophilic membranes leaving biological membranes intact. The natural CDs and some of their derivatives have monographs in pharmacopeias and are also commonly used as food additives and in toiletry products. CDs form inclusion complexes with lipophilic moieties of hydrophobic drugs. Furthermore, CDs are able to form non-inclusion complexes and self-assembled aggregates; small and large complex aggregates with micellar-like structures that can enhance drug solubility. Excipients commonly used in pharmaceutical formulations may have additive or inhibiting effect on the CD solubilization. Here various methods used to investigate CD aggregate formation are reviewed as well as techniques that are used to increase the solubilizing effects of CDs; methods that enhance the apparent intrinsic solubility of drugs and/or the complexation efficacy and decrease the amount of CD needed to develop CD-containing pharmaceutical formulations. It will be explained how too much or too little CD can hamper drug bioavailability, and the role of CDs in solid dosage forms and parenteral formulations, and examples given on how CDs can enhance drug delivery after ocular, nasal and pulmonary administration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The aim of this study is to develop the templateless fabrication of hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber (CNF)/MnO2 composites (PMnCD) derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/cyclodextrin (CD) and ...investigate their morphological and electrochemical properties to determine the different capabilities of inclusion complexes (ICs) formed by α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD. Among the three CD phases, the PMnCD(β) composite using β-CD exhibits a hierarchical porous structure with large specific surface area of 499 m2g-1, and total pore volume of 0.32 cm3g-1, which helps with adsorption efficiency and accumulation of hydrated molecules for double-layer formation. In addition, the numerous mesopores and nitrogen functionalities of the PMnCD(β) composite provide fast diffusion channels for electrolyte ions and higher attractive interactions with electrolyte ions through the pseudocapacitive character. As a result, the PMnCD(β) electrode has a high specific capacitance of 228 Fg-1 at 1 mAcm−2, maximum energy density of 25.3–16.0 Whkg−1 in the power density range of 400-10,000 Wkg-1, and excellent cycling stability of more than 94% after 10000 cycles in aqueous solution, thereby offering potential applications for supercapacitors.
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•Hierarchical porous PMnCD is fabricated by electrospinning without a template.•β-CD stabilizes and encapsulates MnCl2 through the good size match of β-CD and MnCl2.•PMnCD(β) shows a large specific surface area for accumulation of ions.•Many mesopores and nitrogen groups of PMnCD(β) provide fast ion diffusion.•Hierarchical porous PMnCD(β) is applied to high-performance supercapacitors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
