Nel 1949, mettendo a disposizione degli studenti pavesi di Giurisprudenza delle Dispense dal titolo Il pensieroantico, Bruno Leoni non immaginava che stava contribuendo a porre le basi per una ...riformulazionedi quella che nello stesso anno Friedrich A. von Hayek aveva chiamato la tradizione del “true individualism” tracciando così una nuova storia delle origini e dello sviluppo della tradizione liberale. infatti, dopoaver descritto l’origine dei concetti di nomos e di physis nella filosofia greca, in quelle DispenseLeoni intende la soluzione epicurea e la sua dottrina del contratto come un qualcosa di “eccezionale importanza per lo sviluppo della speculazione intorno al diritto ed allo Stato nell’età moderna”. Accennato all’importanza che negli stessi anni Ludwig von Mises e Leo Strauss attribuiranno all’epicureismo nella nascita della ‘modernità, il saggio analizza la tesi leoniana sul rapporto tra nomos e physis e, illustratane l’affinità con la tesi di Carl Menger sulla nascita “irriflessa” delle principali istituzioni sociali e del diritto, mostra il modo in cui tale rapporto ha influenzato Hayek e come si rifletta nella di lui (e di Michael Oakeshott) dicotomia tra i modelli istituzionali ‘nomocratici’ e quelli ‘teleocratici’. Un breve cenno, nel finale, al modo in cui tracce della dottrina epicurea del contratto possono essere ravvisate nella teoria dello “scambio di pretese” che Leoni pone all’origine del diritto.
An elaborate and pervasive set of practices, calledguanxi, underlies everyday social relationships in contemporary China. Obtaining and changing job assignments, buying certain foods and consumer ...items, getting into good hospitals, buying train tickets, obtaining housing, even doing business-all such tasks call for the skillful and strategic giving of gifts and cultivating of obligation, indebtedness, and reciprocity. Mayfair Mei-hui Yang's close scrutiny of this phenomenon serves as a window to view facets of a much broader and more complex cultural, historical, and political formation. Using rich and varied ethnographic examples ofguanxistemming from her fieldwork in China in the 1980s and 1990s, the author shows how this "gift economy" operates in the larger context of the socialist state redistributive economy.
The pragmatist roots of constructivist grounded theory make it a useful method for pursuing critical qualitative inquiry. Pragmatism offers ways to think about critical qualitative inquiry; ...constructivist grounded theory offers strategies for doing it. Constructivist grounded theory fosters asking emergent critical questions throughout inquiry. This method also encourages (a) interrogating the taken-for-granted methodological individualism pervading much of qualitative research and (b) taking a deeply reflexive stance called methodological self-consciousness, which leads researchers to scrutinize their data, actions, and nascent analyses. The article outlines how to put constructivist grounded theory into practice and ends with where this practice could take us.
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En la visión de las orientaciones culturales individualista y colectivista como cognición situada, se asume que estas se pueden inducir y modificar hasta cierto punto, pero persisten interrogantes ...acerca de los mecanismos por los que esto ocurre. Este estudio cuasiexperimental examina el efecto de los siguientes tipos de priming: agentivo individualista, agentivo colectivista, narrativo individualista y narrativo colectivista, comparados con un priming neutral, en una muestra de adolescentes costarricenses en primer año de educación secundaria (N = 173; 57% mujeres; Medad =12.87, DEedad = 0.75 años). Los resultados constataron efectos distintos de acuerdo con el tipo de priming, siendo que el agentivo indujo más actitudes individualistas que el narrativo. El agentivo colectivista activó en menor medida el autoconcepto independiente, caracterizado por el interés propio, en comparación con los otros tipos de priming. Las implicaciones teóricas y metodológicas de estos hallazgos son discutidas.
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Sharpening the debate over the values that formed America's founding political philosophy, Barry Alan Shain challenges us to reconsider what early Americans meant when they used such basic political ...concepts as the public good, liberty, and slavery. We have too readily assumed, he argues, that eighteenth- century Americans understood these and other terms in an individualistic manner. However, by exploring how these core elements of their political thought were employed in Revolutionary-era sermons, public documents, newspaper editorials, and political pamphlets, Shain reveals a very different understanding--one based on a reformed Protestant communalism. In this context, individual liberty was the freedom to order one's life in accord with the demanding ethical standards found in Scripture and confirmed by reason. This was in keeping with Americans' widespread acceptance of original sin and the related assumption that a well-lived life was only possible in a tightly knit, intrusive community made up of families, congregations, and local government bodies. Shain concludes that Revolutionary-era Americans defended a Protestant communal vision of human flourishing that stands in stark opposition to contemporary liberal individualism. This overlooked component of the American political inheritance, he further suggests, demands examination because it alters the historical ground upon which contemporary political alternatives often seek legitimation, and it facilitates our understanding of much of American history and of the foundational language still used in authoritative political documents.
In addition to the negative effects of economic inequality on a range of health and social outcomes, we propose that inequality should also affect how people perceive the broader normative climate in ...society. We predicted that people living in a more unequal (vs. equal) society are more likely to appraise the social context as one where individualism determines people's behavior. We tested this idea in three experiments by manipulating the degree of economic inequality in a fictional society. We showed that, compared to the low‐inequality condition, participants in the high‐inequality condition were more likely to project individualistic norms onto society. Furthermore, Experiments 2 and 3 showed that in the high‐ (vs. low‐) economic‐inequality condition, participants inferred more competition and less cooperation between people. Our results are discussed in light of the importance of the perception of a broader normative climate to explain the consequences of economic inequality.
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8.
Rethinking individualization Cortois, Liza; Laermans, Rudi
European journal of social theory,
02/2018, Volume:
21, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This article proposes a more culturalist and variegated conception of the individual than that presented by individualization theorists. Inspired by the approach of the individual advocated by Émile ...Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and John Meyers, it first outlines the general script of the individual-as-actor that informs modern individualism as well as the generic characteristics that are routinely attributed to persons such as agency and free will. It subsequently reconstructs three predominant interpretations of this general script, i.e. utilitarian, moral and expressive individualism. For each variant, the intellectual genesis and overall definition of the institutionalization in specific societal domains and the dominant articulations in social theory are briefly presented. With this threefold distinction, the aim is to synthesize the extensive literature on individualism and to show the sociological strengths of approaching subjectivity in terms of institutionalized scripts.
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O artigo aborda o conceito de cidadania a partir do contexto da Educação Matemática. Problematiza a conversão da Educação Matemática em ferramental para a resolução de problemas em todas as esferas ...da vida privada, bem como o esmaecimento do campo político e formativo da cidadania fomentado pelo conhecimento matemático. Para tanto, foram analisados 40 documentos publicados pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura UNESCO e 14 documentos de orientação curricular brasileiros, publicados entre os anos de 1996 e 2018. Como ferramenta teórico-metodológica, foi utilizado o conceito de metamorfose, de Ullrich Beck. Para tensionar a recorrência da prescrição da resolução de problemas e da cidadania associada à responsabilização individual, foi utilizado o conceito de cidadão cosmopolita inacabado, de Tomaz Popkewitz. Conclui-se que, independentemente da aprendizagem de conteúdos e da formação matemática, os documentos incentivam o desenvolvimento de habilidades necessárias ao cidadão para que este saiba resolver problemas em situações de incerteza e de risco. Diante de tal constatação, afirma-se que o conceito de cidadania posto em circulação foi metamorfoseado e deixa de estar associado à garantia de direitos e deveres para uma vida digna.
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