This paper is intended as a tutorial review on the use of inductively coupled plasma – tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) for the interference-free quantitative determination and isotope ratio ...analysis of metals and metalloids in different sample types. Attention is devoted both to the instrumentation and to some specific tools and procedures available for advanced method development. Next to the more typical reaction gases, e.g., H2, O2 and NH3, also the use of promising alternative gases, such as CH3F, is covered, and the possible reaction pathways with those reactive gases are discussed. A variety of published applications relying on the use of ICP-MS/MS are described, to illustrate the added value of tandem mass spectrometry in (ultra)trace analysis.
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•First review on tandem ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS).•Clear description of operating principles of ICP-MS/MS.•Description on how to make use of product ion scans, precursor ion scans and neutral gain scans in method development.•Overview of applications published so far.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Thallium is released into the biosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. It is generally present in the environment at low levels; however, human activity has greatly increased its ...content. Atmospheric emission and deposition from industrial sources have resulted in increased concentrations of thallium in the vicinity of mineral smelters and coal-burning facilities. Increased levels of thallium are found in vegetables, fruit and farm animals. Thallium is toxic even at very low concentrations and tends to accumulate in the environment once it enters the food chain. Thallium and thallium-based compounds exhibit higher water solubility compared to other heavy metals. They are therefore also more mobile (e.g. in soil), generally more bioavailable and tend to bioaccumulate in living organisms. The main aim of this review was to summarize the recent data regarding the actual level of thallium content in environmental niches and to elucidate the most significant sources of thallium in the environment. The review also includes an overview of analytical methods, which are commonly applied for determination of thallium in fly ash originating from industrial combustion of coal, in surface and underground waters, in soils and sediments (including soil derived from different parent materials), in plant and animal tissues as well as in human organisms.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This paper reviews the recent advances in reaction-ion etching (RIE) for application in high-aspect-ratio microfabrication. High-aspect-ratio etching of materials used in micro- and nanofabrication ...has become a very important enabling technology particularly for bulk micromachining applications, but increasingly also for mainstream integrated circuit technology such as three-dimensional multi-functional systems integration. The characteristics of traditional RIE allow for high levels of anisotropy compared to competing technologies, which is important in microsystems device fabrication for a number of reasons, primarily because it allows the resultant device dimensions to be more accurately and precisely controlled. This directly leads to a reduction in development costs as well as improved production yields. Nevertheless, traditional RIE was limited to moderate etch depths (e.g., a few microns). More recent developments in newer RIE methods and equipment have enabled considerably deeper etches and higher aspect ratios compared to traditional RIE methods and have revolutionized bulk micromachining technologies. The most widely known of these technologies is called the inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and this has become a mainstay for development and production of silicon-based micro- and nano-machined devices. This paper will review deep high-aspect-ratio reactive ion etching technologies for silicon, fused silica (quartz), glass, silicon carbide, compound semiconductors and piezoelectric materials.
Piper betle L. (betel) is largely consumed for mastication, mouth freshening, and medicinal purposes throughout the world. This study reports the authentication of Piper betle L. var.; Bangla, ...Sanchi, Misti, Khasia, and BARI Paan 3. The samples were analyzed for Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Sr, Ba, Li, Be, V, Co, Ga, Se, U, Cs, As, Cd, Tl, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and ICP - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Among the macro elements, the concentrations (0.12-8.37 g/kg) are largely type dependent and statistically different, except for Na (0.12-0.34 g/kg). Furthermore, the analyzed samples may be good sources of K (3.99-8.37 g/kg), Ca (1.86-2.88 g/kg), and Mg (0.51-1.91 g/kg). The trace elements were in safe limits, except for Mn and Pb. Using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analyses (LDA), the variability indices were 85.5% and 100%, respectively. Hence, chemometrics is a promising approach for the authentication of betel varieties.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Inter‐vascular transfer in rice (Oryza sativa) nodes is required for delivering mineral elements to developing tissues, which is mediated by various transporters in the nodes. However, the ...effect of these transporters on distribution of mineral elements in the nodes at a cellular level is still unknown. Here, we established a protocol for bioimaging of multiple elements at a cellular level in rice node by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS), and compared the mineral distribution profile between wild‐type (WT) rice and mutants. Both relative comparison of mineral distribution normalized by endogenous 13C and quantitative analysis using spiked standards combined with soft ablation gave valid results. Overall, macro‐nutrients such as K and Mg were accumulated more in the phloem region, while micro‐nutrients such as Fe and Zn were highly accumulated at the inter‐vascular tissues of the node. In mutants of nodal Zn transporter OsHMA2, Zn localization pattern in the node tissues did not differ from that of WT; however, Zn accumulation in the inter‐vascular tissues was lower in uppermost node I but higher in the third upper node III compared with the WT. In contrast, Si deposition in the mutants of three nodal Si transporters Lsi2, Lsi3 and Lsi6 showed different patterns, which are consistent with the localization of these transporters. This improved LA‐ICP‐MS analysis combined with functional characterization of transporters will provide further insight into mineral element distribution mechanisms in rice and other plant species.
Significance Statement
We established a method with laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry for multi‐elemental imaging at a cellular level in rice node as well as root and leaf tissues. This method is characterized by high‐resolution, easy accessibility, low running cost. Normalization by endogenous 13C makes different samples comparable. Furthermore, combination of spiked cryo‐compound of standards with soft ablation technique gave quantitative results for each element. This technique will be a powerful tool for linking transporter localization to element distribution at a cellular level.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This study investigated the content of macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, and S), trace elements (Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn), and trace toxic elements (As, Cd, In, ...Pb, and Tl) in chili powder from Korea, China, and Vietnam. For the analyses, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used. In addition, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to differentiate functional groups based on the chemical constituents. For the validation of the applied analytical methods, good linearity (coefficients of determination, 0.9443-0.99997), and relative standard deviations below 4% were obtained. The contents of the toxic elements were below the provisional tolerable weekly intake values. Linear discriminant analysis using elemental contents and NIR data was performed to establish and authenticate the geographical origin of chili powder, which confirmed the reliability of the obtained results.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Calcium is a major component of the human body and has many important functions in the environment. This review considers major developments in atomic spectrometry for the determination of calcium in ...environmental samples, focusing upon inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The use of calcium as an internal standard is also discussed. Major developments in instrumentation, methodology, calibration routines, and data processing are critically reviewed. Significant applications are discussed, including aerosol/atmospheric, animal, astronomical, biomonitoring, and plant samples. The focus of future work is projected to be on LIBS to achieve the goals of more rapid, stand-off (remote), and combined spectroscopic analysis with minimal sample preparation, as well as ICP-MS for high-resolution isotopic measurements and LA-ICP-MS for elemental imaging of solid samples.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Homogeneity, mass fractions of about forty trace elements and Sr isotope composition of Ca carbonate reference materials (RMs) between original and nano‐powdered pellets are compared. Our results ...using nanosecond and femtosecond LA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS show that the nano‐pellets of the RMs MACS‐3NP, JCp‐1NP and JCt‐1NP are about a factor of 2–3 more homogeneous than the original samples MACS‐3, JCp‐1 and JCt‐1, and are therefore much more suitable for microanalytical purposes. With the exception of Si, the mass fractions of the synthetic RM MACS‐3 agree with its fine‐grained analogue MACS‐3NP. Very small, but significant, differences between original and nano‐pellets are observed in the RMs JCp‐1 and JCt‐1 for some trace elements with very low contents, indicating the need for re‐certification. Strontium mass fractions in the analysed RMs are high (1500–7000 mg kg−1), and their isotope compositions determined by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS in the original and the nano‐pellets agree within uncertainty limits.
key points
Investigations of carbonate reference materials using fs‐ and ns‐ LA‐ICP‐MS.
Nanopowdered pellets are a factor 2 –3 more homogenous than original samples.
New reference values for MACS‐3 are provided.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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