This study aimed to create an intricate internal structure of 3D printed chocolate by varying the infill construction. Three intricate infill patterns designed were star, Hilbert curve and honeycomb ...with infill percentage of 5%, 30%, 60% and 100%. Cadbury dark chocolate (Choc-1) and Callebaut bittersweet dark chocolate (Choc-2) powders were used by incorporating magnesium stearate (Mg-ST) and plant sterol (PS) powders as food additives. Printing parameters were set up with an extrusion temperature of 32 °C, nozzle size of 0.78 mm and printing speed of 70 mm/s. The results showed that voids in printed samples of all three pattern with 5% infill density ranged from 60.8 ± 2.1% to 72.2 ± 1.8%. Voids in samples with 30% infill density ranged from 20.9 ± 2.1% to 49.2 ± 3.6% while with 60% infill density it ranged from 11.6 ± 2.3% to 19.4 ± 4.2%. Additionally, star and honeycomb infill pattern produced the most stable and tough structure at 60% infill as indicated by a higher normal force (N) to break the printed sample. Moreover, even at 100% infill percentage, 3D printed chocolate were found less hard (ranged from 82.2 ± 2.2 N to 92.2 ± 1.3 N) as compared to cast samples (>110 N) in the snap test. The results obtained in this study provide a useful insight in creating various internal structures of 3D printed dark chocolate with different textural characteristic and physical stability.
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•Mg-ST and PS did not affect the shape fidelity of printed chocolate.•Void fraction of the printed chocolate was affected by increasing the infill percentage.•Higher force (N) is required to break 3D printed samples as infill percentage increase.•3DFP is a powerful tool to control the mechanical properties of 3D printed food.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this paper, the influence of the infill volume percentage on fatigue life and failure types of 3D-printed gears made of polylactic acid (PLA) is studied. The experiments were conducted using a ...custom-made gear testing device, where the specimens were tested at the same torque and rotational speed. It has been shown that the fatigue life of gears made of PLA increases significantly with the increase in infill volume percentage. Different types of gear failures have been observed depending on the volume percentage.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study aimed to assess the preferences and perceptions of texture‐modified three‐dimensional (3D) printed chocolate through three measures: two tasting tests and one survey. In the first test, 30 ...semitrained panelists ranked their overall preference from among the three samples of chocolate printed in a honeycomb pattern with infill percentages (IPs) of 25, 50, and 100%. The panelists ranked the samples based on appearance and hardness. In the second test, the same panelists nominated one preference between a 3D printed sample (100% IP) and a cast commercial chocolate sample. Friedman test indicated that there was no significant difference in overall preferences for hardness although the panelists significantly preferred the appearance of samples with 25 and 50% over the 100% infill. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in preference between the cast and 100% infill samples. The texture data of the chocolate samples showed that a higher force was required to break the chocolate samples as the IP increased from 25% (20.4 ± 1.1 N) to 100% (54.4 ± 1.5 N). Also, the 3D printed chocolate (printed in 100% IP) was found to be less hard than that of casted chocolate. In the survey of consumer perceptions, a total of 244 participated and assessed the samples for their intricate design and novel technology concept through a questionnaire. While there was a general awareness of 3D printing technology among these participants, many were impressed with the application of 3D printing to chocolate, as this was the first time they had seen this. The results obtained from the sensory tests and consumer survey provided a useful insight into consumers' perception of 3D food printing and the 3D products design. This awareness will be beneficial to promote this technology in the food industry.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology works with specialized 3D printers and production-grade thermoplastics to build robust, durable, and dimensionally stable parts with the best accuracy and ...repeatability of any other available 3D printing technology. FDM is one of the highly used additive manufacturing technology due to its ability to manufacture very complex geometries. However, the critical problems with this technology have been to balance the ability to produce esthetically appealing products with functionality and properties at the lowest cost possible. In this study, three major process parameters such as layer height, raster angle, and infill density have been considered to study their effects on mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as this material is widely used industrial thermoplastic in FDM technology. The test results show a clear demonstration of the considered factors over the mechanical variables measured. Response surface methodology is used for the validation of the experimental data and the future prediction of the test results. It was found that the optimum parameters for 3D printing using ABS are 80% infill percentage, 0.5 mm layer thickness, and 65° raster angle. The achieved experimental ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus, yield strength, fracture strain, and toughness (energy absorption) are 31.57 MPa, 774.50 MPa, 19.95 MPa, 0.094 mm/mm, and 2.28 Jm
−3
, respectively. Mathematical equation has been developed using surface response methodology which can be used to predict the ABS tensile properties numerically and also to predict the optimum parameter for ultimate properties.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Additive manufacturing offers a useful and accessible tool for prototyping and manufacturing small volume functional parts. Polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are amongst the ...most commonly used materials. Characterising 3D printed PLA and TPU is potentially important for both designing and finite element modelling of functional parts. This work explores the mechanical properties of additively manufactured PLA/TPU specimens with consideration to design parameters including size, and infill percentage. PLA/TPU specimens are 3D-printed in selected ISO standard geometries with 20%, 60%, 100% infill percentage. Tensile and compression test results suggest that traditional ISO testing standards might be insufficient in characterising 3D printed materials for finite element modelling or application purposes. Infill percentage in combination to design size, may significantly affect the mechanical performance of 3D printed parts. Dimensional variation may cause inhomogeneity in mechanical properties between large and small cross section areas of the same part. The effect was reduced in small cross section parts where reducing the nominal infill had less effect on the resulting specimens. The results suggest that for 3D printed functional parts with significant dimensional differences between sections, the material properties are not necessarily homogeneous. This consideration may be significant for designers using 3D printing for applications, which include mechanical loading.
•Cross-section variations in 3D printed designs, may result in inhomogeneity's in mechanical properties.•Current ISO test standards may be insufficient in characterising 3D printed materials.•Tension and compression test result data are available on 3D printed PLA and TPU.•The effect of infill settings reduces in smaller specimen.•Printing settings and specimen size, may need to be considered in characterising 3D printed materials.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Production of polymer gears are slowly transferred from injection moulding and machining to additive manufactured gears.•For low amount of infill structure special focus of gears design needs to be ...addressed to the type of connection between gear body and shaft. In this case critical places on gears are not on the tooth, they are inside a gear body.•Effect of infill structure on nylon gears made by additive manufacturing is not significant in the case of high torque load where amount of infill structure is more than 60%.•Future testing is needed to collect more amount of data to achieve better statistical correlation between infill structure and service life.
Additive manufacturing enables fast manufacturing of polymer gears directly from a 3D model. Failed polymer gears can be replaced easily and quickly using many different materials. Mechanical and thermal characteristic of gears manufactured using additive manufacturing are mostly dependent on selected manufacturing parameters and material. In this research, the influence of the most important manufacturing parameter (infill percentage) on failure types and service life of additive manufactured nylon gears is experimentally investigated. The experimental tests were carried out using a custom-made gear testing device. Samples with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of infill volume were tested. Infill type, shell thickness, and manufacturing speed were the same for all samples. Service life of gears was tested and failure types were characterized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The fused filament fabrication (FFF) which is also known as freeform filament fabrication is one of the additive manufacturing techniques used for the fabrication of functional and nonfunctional ...prototypes. The previous studies have suggested that FFF process parameters have significant impact over the mechanical, thermal, surface, morphological and tribilogical properties of the 3D printed parts. The present study deals with the investigation for process parameters of FFF. In this study, three different process parameters namely; infill percentage, bed temperature and outer perimeter have been varied for the FFF process. The 3D printed nylon 6 prototypes (As per ASTM 638 type IV) were tested by universal tensile tester for investigation of ultimate tensile strength. The results of the study have suggested that at 100% infill percentage, 60% and 6 outer perimeters the ultimate tensile strength can be maximized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) are being mainly compared in this FDM based additive manufacturing research work for investigating the mechanical properties leading to minimal expense, ...speedy, and simple manufacture of components with respect to precise aspect. The test specimens were created by using the FDM process with varying percentages of infill for uncurving constructions, such as 50%, 75%, and 100% correspondingly. The findings of built samples were tested for ductility by tensile testing, yield strength, and elongation percentage, contradicted the experimental outcomes. PA 6 based rectilinear structures with 100% infill percentage provides highest strength of 71.92 MPa, then rectilinear structures with 50% and 75% infill materials using FDM technique due to the smallest gap and width of the raster. The produced components using this technique will be helpful for engineering components in the creation of numerous parts for various industries in the future.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A tremendous research has been notices in the field of three dimensional printing. An experimental study has been carried out for three dimensional printing to analyses the surface roughness and ...ultimate tensile strength of three different materials. The study has been conducted using Taguchi design of experiment. from the study it has been depicted that the infill percentage has a significant effect on the output.
The aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility of fabricating FDM 3D-printed gastric floating tablets with low infill percentages and the effect of infill percentage on the properties of ...gastric floating tablets
in vitro
. Propranolol hydrochloride was selected as a model drug, and drug-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments were produced by hot melt extrusion (HME). Ellipsoid-shaped gastric floating tablets with low infill percentage of 15% and 25% (namely E-15 and E-25) were then prepared respectively by feeding the extruded filaments to FDM 3D printer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the filaments and 3D-printed tablets, and a series of evaluations were performed to the 3D-printed tablets, including the weight variation, drug content, hardness,
in vitro
floating behavior, and drug release of the tablets. The SEM results showed that the drug-loaded filaments and 3D-printed tablets appeared intact without defects, and the printed tablets were composed of filaments deposited uniformly layer by layer. The model drug and the excipients were thermally stable under the process temperature of extruding and printing, with a small amount of drug crystals dispersing in the drug-loaded filaments and 3D-printed tablets. Both E-15 and E-25 could float on artificial gastric fluids without any lag time and released in a sustained manner. Compared with E-15, the E-25 presented less weight variation, higher tablet hardness, shorter floating time, and longer drug release time.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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