This book provides an introduction to basic thermodynamic engine cycle simulations, and provides a substantial set of results. Key features includes comprehensive and detailed documentation of the ...mathematical foundations and solutions required for thermodynamic engine cycle simulations. The book includes a thorough presentation of results based on the second law of thermodynamics as well as results for advanced, high efficiency engines. Case studies that illustrate the use of engine cycle simulations are also provided.
•A detailed review of methanol production and its impact on engine emissions in the context of carbon neutrality.•The method and feasibility of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol are compared and ...analyzed.•The feasibility of methanol for vehicles is analyzed from different aspects.•Methanol used in SI and CI engines can reduce CO, NOx, soot and PM emissions.•Combining WHR technology further enhances the advantages of methanol used in engines.
Methanol is a recognized renewable clean energy. In the context of carbon neutrality, it is of great significance to achieve low-carbon production of methanol fuel and its application in internal combustion (IC) engines to reduce emissions. First, this article systematically introduced and evaluated the technical routes and methods of methanol production from carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). Then it evaluates the feasibility analysis of the application of methanol in IC engines from different aspects, and the impact of the combustion of methanol fuel in IC engines on emissions. Finally, the research direction of methanol fuel in the future is pointed out.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Ammonia combustion technologies in piston engines and gas turbine are reviewed.•Hydrogen mass fraction ~10% is needed for modest piston engine performances.•Multiple fuel injections optimisation ...enhances piston engine performances.•Partially premixed combustion leads to satisfactorily low nitric oxide emission.•Thorough studies on nitrogen-based emissions are still needed.
The worldwide decarbonisation movement has turned ammonia into one of the attractive alternative fuel for power generation. This paper reviews the progress of ammonia combustion technologies in spark ignition engine, compression ignition engine, and gas turbine. Relevant publications from prominent academic journals were acquired from credible scholarly databases and analysed. Ammonia dissociation and separate hydrogen supply were typically employed to deliver hydrogen to enhance ammonia reaction in the spark ignition engine. To achieve satisfactory engine performances with thermal efficiency of around 30%, a hydrogen mass fraction of roughly 10% is required for the ammonia/hydrogen engine. Engine parameters optimisation may be needed to increase hydrogen mass fraction further. Aqueous ammonia elevates heat release rate of full load compression ignition engine by almost 10%. However, prolonged ignition delay could potentially lead to higher engine noise levels. Multiple fuel injection optimisation is seemingly a more promising solution for improving ammonia compression ignition engine performances. In recent years, partial premixed combustion has gained considerable interest in hydrogen/ammonia gas turbine combustion research. This is mainly due to its ability to operate at equivalence ratio as low as 0.4, and in the slight fuel-rich regime. For operation at equivalence ratio 1.05, the nitric oxide concentration was decreased by a factor of approximately 5.9 when compared with that of stoichiometric condition. In all, ammonia offers a practical opportunity for sustainable power generation via internal combustion engines and gas turbine. Ground-breaking combustion technologies are crucial to boost the adoption of ammonia in these engines.
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The results of diagnostic tests under steady-state speed conditions of an unloaded engine do not fully reflect the emissivity of vehicles adapted to run on natural gas. Therefore, it is reasonable to ...pay attention to the emissions performance of these vehicles under dynamic conditions. In this regard, the tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with the engine fueled by gasoline and natural gas. Due to the area of operation of natural gas vehicles being usually limited to urban areas, the urban phases of the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle) were adapted. While COsub.2 emissions are lower when fueled by natural gas, CHsub.4 emissions can be high, which is related to momentary changes in the composition of the combustible mixture. Although CHsub.4 emissions are higher when the engine runs on natural gas, the COsub.2eq value is, depending on the driving cycle, about 15–25% lower than when running on petrol. Additionally, studies have shown that in engines adapted to run on CNG (compressed natural gas), it is advisable to consider the use of catalytic converters optimized to run on natural gas, as is the case with vehicles which are factory–adapted to run on CNG.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•A comprehensive review of water injection applied on the internal combustion engine was conducted.•Different implementations of water injection were introduced and compared.•Mechanisms of the ...in-cylinder combustion process with water addition were discussed.•Comparisons and combinations of water injection with other techniques were summarized.
As a promising technique to reduce the in-cylinder temperature and exhaust temperature, mitigate combustion knock, improve combustion phasing and decrease NOx emissions, water injection applied on different types of engines has attracted extensive attention in recent years to further improve fuel economy and fulfill stricter emission regulations. Since mechanisms of water injection with different aims are distinct, benefits on engine performances and emissions are also varied. This paper intends to give a comprehensive review of water injection applied on the internal combustion engine. First, different implementations of water injection are introduced, followed by a detailed description of water evaporation processes. Second, mechanisms of the in-cylinder combustion process with water addition are discussed with respect to the heat release rate, knock tendency and emission formations. Next, recent works of water injection applied on different kinds of engines are reviewed with special attentions given to the comparisons of different implementations and injection parameters. Furthermore, comparisons and combinations of water injection with other advanced engine techniques are summarized. Finally, critical issues of current research on the water injection technique are discussed.
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Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) have been the topic of research for many decades, and contemporary reviews have surveyed the relevant literature. Because of a number of ...relatively large R&D projects that have been ongoing recently, much progress has been made that is worth reporting. Specifically, this paper reviews the advancements made in plotting the possibilities offered by direct injection of hydrogen, in-cylinder heat transfer, modeling and combustion strategies (on an engine as well as vehicle level). These efforts have resulted in impressive efficiency numbers, both at peak and part load operation, while keeping emissions far below regulatory limits and reaching satisfactory specific power outputs. New demonstration vehicles have been put on the road showing the relatively low barriers (on a vehicle level) to introduce hydrogen engined transportation and these are briefly described. The paper discusses the merits of H2ICEs but also what makes them potentially unfit as a realistic alternative. Finally, the paper concludes with the main areas of research that require further efforts.
•This paper reviews the recent work on hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines.•The pros and cons of hydrogen engines are discussed.•Major R&D projects are enlisted, with a discussion of the most important results.•These cover direct injection, heat transfer, modeling and combustion strategies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Global warming, climate change, crisis about the energy price, and supply are the main issues in the world and the petroleum-based energy supplement is the main responsible for these problems. More ...specially, environmental concerns peaked after the critical carbon dioxide level exceeded. Increasing the percentage of clean and renewable energy sources while compensating energy demand became mandatory than ever before. At that point, alcohols are attractive alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, especially in terms of harmful exhaust emissions. The effects of the typical alcohols such as ethanol methanol, butanol etc., were examined in detail up to date. Fusel oil is a higher alcohol obtained during the fermentation process as a byproduct, and its usage in internal combustion engines took attention during the last decade. In this study, a comprehensive review was conducted about the potential usage of the fusel oil in internal combustion engines as a renewable and clean energy source. The potential production of the fusel oil and its properties as a fuel were discussed. The engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the fusel oil on spark ignition, compression ignition, and homogeneous charge compression ignition engines were also examined in detail. The findings indicated that the performance characteristics of fusel oil are similar o ethanol, which may increase the application area of it.
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The role of the honed cylinder surface in reducing friction losses in internal combustion engine is substantial. However, the results of research on this topic are sometimes contradictory. This work ...discusses the tribological impacts of honed cylinder liners based on the experiences of the authors and a review of the literature. The methods for honed cylinder liner description were mentioned. Methods assessing low cylinder wear were presented. In the main part of this paper, the results of experimental research using engine test benches and laboratory simulators were reviewed. The results of the modeling were also presented. In the discussion, the results on the functional impact of various features of the cylinder texture obtained by various researchers were compared. Finally, considerations of future challenges addressed.
•Tribological impacts of honed cylinder liners have been discussed.•Values of parameters characterizing the cylinder surface should be optimized.•An increase in oil capacity led to an increase in the oil consumption and engine harmful emission.•The Rk/Sk parameter is minimized, while the Rvk/Svk parameter is balanced.
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The focus of this study is to review the latest developments and technologies on waste heat recovery of exhaust gas from internal combustion engines (ICE). These include thermoelectric generators ...(TEG), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), six-stroke cycle IC engine and new developments on turbocharger technology. Furthermore, the study looked into the potential energy savings and performances of those technologies. The current worldwide trend of increasing energy demand in transportation sector are one of the many segments that is responsible for the growing share of fossil fuel usage and indirectly contribute to the release of harmful greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is hoped that with the latest findings on exhaust heat recovery to increase the efficiency of ICEs, world energy demand on the depleting fossil fuel reserves would be reduced and hence the impact of global warming due to the GHG emissions would fade away.
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