► The AtCCX5 protein coding a putative cation calcium exchanger was characterized. ► AtCCX5 expressed in yeast was localized in the plasma membrane and nuclear periphery. ► AtCCX5 protein did not ...show the same transport properties as the CAXs. ► AtCCX5 protein involves in mediating high-affinity K+ uptake in yeast. ► AtCCX5 protein also involves in Na+ transport in yeast.
The gene for a putative cation calcium exchanger (CCX) from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtCCX5, was cloned and its function was analyzed in yeast. Green fluorescent protein-tagged AtCCX5 expressed in yeast was localized in the plasma membrane and nuclear periphery. The yeast transformants expressing AtCCX5 were created and their growth in the presence of various cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Li+) were analyzed. AtCCX5 expression was found to affect the response to K+ and Na+ in yeast. The AtCCX5 transformant also showed a little better growth to Zn2+. The yeast mutant 9.3 expressing AtCCX5 restored growth of the mutant on medium with low K+ (0.5mM), and also suppressed its Na+ sensitivity. Ion uptake experiments showed that AtCCX5 mediated relatively high-affinity K+ uptake and was also involved in Na+ transport in yeast. Taken together, these findings suggest that the AtCCX5 is a novel transport protein involves in mediating high-affinity K+ uptake and Na+ transport in yeast.
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This paper deals with a study of H−/D− negative ion surface production on diamond in low pressure H2/D2 plasmas. A sample placed in the plasma is negatively biased with respect to plasma potential. ...Upon positive ion impacts on the sample, some negative ions are formed and detected according to their mass and energy by a mass spectrometer placed in front of the sample. The experimental methods developed to study negative ion surface production and obtain negative ion energy and angle distribution functions are first presented. Different diamond materials ranging from nanocrystalline to single crystal layers, either doped with boron or intrinsic, are then investigated and compared with graphite. The negative ion yields obtained are presented as a function of different experimental parameters such as the exposure time, the sample bias which determines the positive ion impact energy and the sample surface temperature. It is concluded from these experiments that the electronic properties of diamond materials, among them the negative electron affinity, seem to be favourable for negative-ion surface production. However, the negative ion yield decreases with the plasma induced defect density.
The solar wind ion transport across the magnetopause is one of the main sources of plasma for the Earth's magnetotail. Such a transport is supported by various dynamic processes at the flank ...magnetopause, where wave‐particle interactions play a crucial role in ion flow thermalization and diffusion across magnetic field surfaces of the magnetopause tangential discontinuity. In this paper we numerically model such ion thermalization by the most intense electromagnetic waves observed in the magnetosheath, kinetic Alfven waves. We aim to develop an approach for long‐term simulations of ion scattering by waves and ion dynamics around realistic magnetopause magnetic fields. This approach is based on a combination of test particle simulations and stochastic differential equations modeling ion diffusion in velocity space. We demonstrate that for realistic magnetopause configuration and wave characteristics, the magnetosheath ion flow can be substantially thermalized around the magnetopause. This result explains observations of ion energy conservation across the flank magnetopause: kinetic and thermal energies of flowing magnetosheath ions approximately equal to the thermal energy of stagnant magnetospheric ions.
Key Points
We model the ion flow thermalization by kinetic Alfven waves around the flank magnetopause
The model uses stochastic differential equations for particle trajectories to include effects of wave‐particle interactions
Scattering and thermalization may explain ion energy conservation across the magnetopause
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► Defect structures in trivalently and divalently doped ceria has been elucidated. ► Dumbbell structure is a universal basic vacancy structure in fluorite oxides. ► Electrostatic ...attraction dominates elastic interaction in doped ceria. ► Provide a physical picture of conductivity behavior in aliovalently doped ceria.
The formation and growth of defect clusters in CeO2M2O3 (M=La3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, Y3+, Yb3+) and CeO2DO (N=Cd2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) binary solid solutions have been comparatively studied by atomistic simulations based on energy minimization of atomic interactions. The calculation ensemble, including both divalent and trivalent dopants, shows a similar energetic tendency for defect species (dopants and associated oxygen vacancies) to aggregate and grow. The dumbbell structure has been verified as a universal vacancy structure in oxygen deficient fluorite lattice. Nevertheless, it also demonstrates different tendencies of dopant–vacancy associations that depend on dopant valence and radius. The dopant is site-selective in trivalent defect clusters correlated with dopant size. While in divalent solid solutions, clusters adopt similar dopant–vacancy locations. Furthermore, all clusters in divalently doped ceria have stronger dopant–vacancy associations/interactions compared to those in trivalent ones. As a consequence, the correlation of the dopant size as well as valence effects on oxygen-ion conductivity has been illustrated based on an ordered defect cluster model. This study thereby offers insight into the physical picture of ionic conductivity behavior experimentally obtained in aliovalently doped ceria.
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Invited for this month′s cover are the groups of Youngsik Kim at the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) and Stefano Passerini at the Helmholtz Institute Ulm (KIT‐HIU). The ...image illustrates a novel energy storage system based on an open seawater cathode and a sealed Sn–C anode in contact with an ionic liquid‐based electrolyte and a NASICON solid electrolyte. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201501328.
“The results of this project proved the concept of this novel, eco‐friendly ‘seawater battery’…” This and more about the story behind the research that inspired the Cover image is presented in the Cover Profile. Read the full text of the corresponding research at 10.1002/cssc.201501328. View the Front Cover here: 10.1002/cssc.201501673.
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Nutritional metal ions play critical roles in many important immune processes. Hence, the effective modulation of metal ions may open up new forms of immunotherapy, termed as metalloimmunotherapy. ...Here, we demonstrate a prototype of cancer metalloimmunotherapy using cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists and Mn
. We screened various metal ions and discovered specific metal ions augmented STING agonist activity, wherein Mn
promoted a 12- to 77-fold potentiation effect across the prevalent human STING haplotypes. Notably, Mn
coordinated with CDN STING agonists to self-assemble into a nanoparticle (CDN-Mn
particle, CMP) that effectively delivered STING agonists to immune cells. The CMP, administered either by local intratumoural or systemic intravenous injection, initiated robust anti-tumour immunity, achieving remarkable therapeutic efficacy with minute doses of STING agonists in multiple murine tumour models. Overall, the CMP offers a new platform for local and systemic cancer treatments, and this work underscores the great potential of coordination nanomedicine for metalloimmunotherapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
Biological ion channels are known as membrane proteins which can turn on and off under environmental stimulus to regulate ion transport and energy conversion. Rapid progress made in biological ion ...channels provides inspiration for developing artificial nanochannels to mimic the structures and functions of ion transport systems and energy conversion in biological ion channels. Due to the advantages of abundant pore channels, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have become competitive materials to control the nanofluidic transport. Herein, a facile in situ synthesis method is developed to prepare hybrid nanochannels constructed by 2D MOFs and porous anodic aluminum (PAA). The introduction of asymmetries in the chemical composition and surface charge properties gives the hybrid outstanding ion current rectification properties and excellent ion selectivity. A power density of 1.6 W m−2 is achieved by integrating it into a salinity‐gradient‐driven device. With advantages of facile fabrication method and high ion selectivity, the prepared 2D MOFs/PAA hybrid membrane offers a promising candidate for power conversion and water desalination.
A 2D metal–organic frameworks/porous anodic aluminum (MOFs/PAA) hybrid membrane is fabricated with a facile strategy via in situ growth of 2D MOFs on a nanoporous PAA membrane. The as‐prepared hybrid nanochannel presents obvious ionic rectification properties and excellent ion selectivity, which can be used for manipulating ion transport and efficient salinity‐gradient energy conversion.
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-glycans are important players in a variety of pathologies including different types of cancer, (auto)immune diseases, and also viral infections. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass ...spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is an important tool for high-throughput
-glycan profiling and, upon use of tandem MS, for structure determination. By use of MALDI-MS imaging (MSI) in combination with PNGase F treatment, also spatially correlated
-glycan profiling from tissue sections becomes possible. Here we coupled laser-induced postionization, or MALDI-2, to a trapped ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (timsTOF fleX MALDI-2, Bruker Daltonics). We demonstrate that with MALDI-2 the sensitivity for the detection of molecular M - H
species of
glycans increased by about 3 orders of magnitude. Compared to the current gold standard, the positive ion mode analysis of M + Na
adducts, a sensitivity increase by about a factor of 10 is achieved. By exploiting the advantageous fragmentation behavior of M - H
ions, exceedingly rich structural information on the composition of complex
-glycans was moreover obtained directly from thin tissue sections of human cerebellum and upon use of low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem MS. In another set of experiments, in this case by use of a modified Synapt G2-S QTOF mass spectrometer (Waters), we investigated the influence of relevant input parameters, in particular pressure of the N
cooling gas in the ion source, delay between the two laser pulses, and that of their pulse energies. In this way, analytical conditions were identified at which molecular ion abundances were maximized and fragmentation reactions minimized. The use of negative ion mode MALDI-2-MSI could constitute a valuable tool in glycobiology research.
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