Newspaper photography is a very common and important media content that initially attracts the readers' attention and thus influences their opinions about the depicted events. The study of visual ...content in the media is increasingly important in media theory. Visual content is becoming more dominant because it can efficiently convey a lot of information due to the absence of language barriers. Thus, adherence to professional standards in the publication of newspaper photographs is very important. In Serbia, the only document that regulates the ethical standards of newspaper photography is the Journalists' Code of Ethics, but it is not legally binding on the editorial policy of the media. The consequences of violating its provisions are public warnings issued by the Press Council, an independent self-regulatory body. The results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of newspaper photographs published in three daily newspapers (the serious broadsheet daily Politika, the semi-tabloid Blic, and the tabloid Kurir) have shown to what extent the ethical standards are respected in practice. The research was conducted in the first week of April 2023. The analysis included all photos published during this period, except advertising photos. The analysis of newspaper photos included the following criteria defined in the Journalists' Code of Ethics: whether there is a clear distinction between a documentary photograph and a photo-shopped image; whether the illustrative role of a photo is emphasized when it is not taken directly at the scene of the event; whether the source/authorship of the photo is indicated; whether the principle of presumption of innocence has been applied and whether the privacy and identity of the victim or the suspected offender have been respected (e.g. by not publishing photos) even if the offender has pleaded guilty, until the moment of rendering the final court judgment; whether the published photos were taken with hidden cameras; and whether the photos contain inappropriate, disturbing and pornographic content. The article is based on the hypotheses that ethical standards are not fully met in the newspapers under consideration, that there are more violations of ethical standards in the semi-tabloid and tabloid newspapers, and that the most common violations entail the failure to credit the source or authorship of the photo and disregard for the presumption of innocence and the right to privacy.
In the contemporary society, journalism rests on the principles of impartiality and independence. Such a position and role of journalists can be successfully safeguarded by enacting corresponding ...legal and ethical norms in the field of media. This paper compares legal and ethical norms envisaged in two Serbian documents: the Public Information and Media Act (2014) and the Journalists' Code of Ethics (2006). The former is the media "umbrella" law dealing with the journalists' status; the latter is the most important legal document in the field of journalists' ethics in Serbia. The paper first focuses on the relationship between ethics and law in general, stressing their importance in the field of media. After providing an overview of the Serbian legislative framework on media and the ethical norms related to journalists, the authors compare in detail the legal and ethical norms provided in these two documents, drawing attention to their corresponding points and the observed differences. The comparison reveals that the Public Infromation and Media Act recognizes most of the commonly accepted professional journalism principles. Some of them are defined in the identical way in the Journalists' Code (e.g. authentic reporting, the journalists' due diligence, the presumption of innocence, the respect for privacy, etc.). However, the Act does not contain some principles which are envisaged in the Code, such as the one concerning the relationship between a journalist and the source of information, thus leaving room to journalists to regulate their professional space.
Wissenschaftsjournalisten in Publikumsmedien arbeiten im Spannungsfeld zwischen sachlich korrekter Darstellung („Du sollst nicht schaden“) und populärer Präsentation („Du sollst nicht langweilen“). ...Sie müssen sich mit ihren meist komplexen Themen innerhalb der Massenmedien behaupten, deren Konsum – anders als der von Fachmedien – inhärent freiwillig ist. Innerhalb der massenmedialen Rahmenbedingungen hat sich der Wissenschaftsjournalismus von einem „verspäteten Ressort“ zu einem wichtigen, aber keineswegs tonangebenden Teil der Publikumspresse entwickelt. Der Trend geht vom Dolmetscher zum kritischen Begleiter der Wissenschaft. Dank intensiver Förderung wissenschaftsjournalistischer Qualität in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten durch große Stiftungen arbeiten heute wesentlich mehr und besser ausgebildete Wissenschaftsjournalisten in Deutschland. Gewachsen sind allerdings auch die Anforderungen: Höherer Arbeits- und Aktualitätsdruck vor allem durch Online-Medien, Gefahr der gesteuerten Information durch intensivierte PR-Arbeit von Wirtschaft und Institutionen.
(Wie vom Gastherausgeber eingereicht)
Science journalists working for public media are caught between the two poles of factual correctness (“Thou shalt not harm”) and entertaining presentation (“Thou shalt not bore”). Writing about (in most cases) complex topics they need to stand their ground against the mass media, the consumption of which is – in contrast to science and technology media – inherently voluntary. Within the general framework of the mass media, science journalism has emerged from a “late department” to become an important, but by no means leading part of the press arena. The trend is moving away from interpreting towards critically accompanying science. Due to the strong support to high-quality science journalism that major foundations provided during the past thirty years, the numbers of better trained scientific journalists operating in Germany have considerably increased, but so have the requirements: higher levels of work stress and a higher demand for real-time information, particularly from online media, the risk of economic and other organisations taking control over information by intensifying their public relations campaigns.
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