Background: Oral hormonal contraception (OC) or the birth control pill that has been in use since 1960 is considered an efficient and reliable method of pregnancy prevention. In the early days the ...pill contained high doses of hormones, and the related complications were frequently reported. The composition of the pill has substantially changed, estrogen dose has been significantly decreased and so has the incidence of side effects. Despite the reduced estrogen dose, the risk for the development of vein thromboembolism has not significantly decreased, as the final effect depends on the interaction with the progestage+n component. The OC use is in itself an independent risk factor for the develop- ment of ischemic stroke event (RR = 1.5), and for the development of myocardial infarction (RR = 1.84). Recent studies show that second generation OC users were at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than the third generation OC users. The risk of breast cancer is also marginally increased (RR = 1.09-fold increased risk). The discussion about an association between the development of cervical cancer and an increased incidence of the disease in OC users is inclined to attribute this increased incidence to human papilloma virus infec- tion rather than to OC use. Beneficial effects of OC use are manifested through decreased incidence of endometrial cancer, which is mostly true in women with a lower body mass index (BMI). Additionally, OC plays a protective role in the development of ovarian cancer; recent studies have reported that OC use has prevented 200 000 ovarian cancers and 100 000 deaths from the disease. Also, the risk of colorectal cancer is OC users is lower (RR = 0.72). Conclusions: Modern third generation OC preparations containing desogestrel and gestodene are a safe contraceptive method for all women except for those at increased risk of vein thrombosis.
Urbane su šume ključna područja za očuvanje prirodne i kulturne baštine u gradovima, važnih turističkih lokacija i rekreacijskih površina te za osiguranje visoke razine kakvoće života. Svojim ...obilježjima urbane šume privlače mnoge korisnike, ali također okupljaju i brojne dionike (upravitelje, vlasnike, interesne skupine) kojima je cilj upravljanje aktivnostima u njima. Urbane su šume stoga prostor različitih djelovanja, koja mogu dovesti do sukoba među korisnicima i dionicima, ali i do i neodrživoga korištenja resursa. U nekim gradovima prisutna je i iznimna fragmentacija posjeda, što otežava gospodarenje. Urbane šume grada Zagreba pokrivaju 395,08 ha, najviše u sjevernom dijelu grada, na obroncima Medvednice. Stalno proširenje i urbanizacija naselja u blizini tih šuma stvara dodatni pritisak i smanjuje površinu pod šumom. Urbane su šume i sastavni dio zelenih površina grada Zagreba te privlače i građane i turiste. Gospodarenje njima zahtijeva posebnu pažnju, s naglaskom na općekorisne funkcije šuma i njihove koristi za zajednicu. U sklopu provedbe projekta URBforDan (Management and Utilization of Urban Forests as Natural Heritage in Danube Cities) izrađene su smjernice integralnoga upravljanja urbanom šumom na primjeru park-šume Grmoščica. Vrednovane su usluge ekosustava, predloženi strateški ciljevi i izrađen operativni plan provedbe obnove toga lokaliteta.
Urban forests are key areas for preserving natural and cultural heritage within cities, important tourist attractions, and areas for recreation, as well as for ensuring a high quality of living. Due to their characteristics, urban forests attract many users, but also have many stakeholders (managers, owners, interest groups), trying to manage those activities. They are under increasing pressure from a diverse set of activities, which cause conflicts and unsustainable use of resources. Management of urban forests in some cities is further challenged by the extreme fragmentation of ownership that creates issues in management. Urban forests in the City of Zagreb cover 395.08 ha, distributed mostly in the northern part of the city, at the slopes of Medvednica Mountain. Continuous expansion and urbanization of settlements near these forests, create additional pressure and reduces the forest area. Also, urban forests are an integral part of Zagreb’s green areas and attract both citizens and tourists. The management of these forests requires special attention, emphasizing the non-wood forest functions and their impact on the society. As part of the URBforDan Project (Management and Utilization of Urban Forests as Natural Heritage in Danube Cities), a model for integral urban forest management based on the example of Grmoščica forest has been established. Ecosystem services, the proposed strategic goals and operating plan of the location regeneration have also been evaluated.
Rad analizira pitanje identifikacije tržišnih segmenata na tržištu visokog obrazovanja. Segmentacija je bitan alat u postizanju konkurentske prednosti, posebice na zrelim i visoko konkurentnim ...tržištima poput tržišta visokog obrazovanja, i pogotovo u današnje doba kada su granice otvorene te je mobilnost studenata izrazito lako ostvariva i dostupna. Tržište je otvoreno i svaka svjetska visokoškolska institucija predstavlja ozbiljnog konkurenta institucijama u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ovim istraživanjem utvrđeno je postojanje sedam specifičnih tržišnih segmenata na tržištu visokog obrazovanja u Hrvatskoj, temeljenom na kriteriju segmentacije prema ponašanju, odnosno prema kriteriju koristi. Na osnovi utvrđenih kriterija hrvatske visokoškolske institucije mogu prilagoditi vlastitu obrazovnu uslugu s obzirom na specifičnosti ciljanih segmenata, čime mogu ostvariti prednost nad ostalim konkurentima na tržištu.
The paper analyzes the issue of identification of market segments in the higher education market. Segmentation is an important tool in achieving competitive advantage especially in mature and highly competitive markets. The higher education market is highly competitive especially in recent times when borders are open and student mobility is extremely accessible and easy to achieve. The market is open and every foreign higher education institution is a serious competitor to the domestic ones in the Republic of Croatia. This research established the existence of seven specific market segments in the higher education market in Croatia based on one of the behavioral criteria, specifically on the benefit criterion. Based on the established factors, Croatian higher education institutions can adjust their own educational service with regard to the specifics of the targeted segments, which can give them an advantage over other competitors in the market.
U članku su prikazani rezultati transferzalnog istraživanja na nacionalnoj razini u Sloveniji, čiji je cilj bio ispitati razlike u percipiranim koristima za članove (N = 639) grupa za samopomoć i ...grupa za podršku koje se odnose na pomažuće značajke grupe, percipirano osnaživanje i utjecaj člana na grupu u različitim tipovima grupa. Tipovi grupa formirani su prema kriteriju ciljne populacije tj. teme oko koje se grupa okuplja. Rezultati su potvrdili očekivane značajne razlike ovisno o općem cilju grupe kod nekih, ali ne i svih tipova grupa vezano uz: a) dva čimbenika pomažućih značajki grupe tj. razotkrivanje i prihvaćanje s jedne te učenje strategija za prevladavanje poteškoća s druge strane; b) dva čimbenika percipiranog osnaživanja, tj. upornost i sposobnost te proširivanje znanja o društvu; i c) razmjer utjecaja člana na grupu. Rezultati pokazuju da su aktivni članovi općenito vrlo zadovoljni svojim grupama, no percipirane koristi nisu u istoj mjeri prisutne u svim tipovima grupa. Prikazane su implikacije za daljnje istraživanje i primjenu u praksi još uvijek se raspravlja.
Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have become the "in" topics among researchers in the last few decades. The reason for nanotechnology's attractiveness is in the new opportunities that the technology ...offers. The paper gives a short overview of the emergence of nanotechnology, its basic terminology with focus on the types of nanomaterials, their unique properties and possibilities of application. The benefits of this booming field are evident in many areas including information and communication technology, energy storage, environmental engineering, chemical industry, food industry, medicine, pharmaceutical industry and cosmetics. On the other hand, the unique properties of nanomaterials which make them so attractive are also the cause of major concerns because of their potential harmfulness to human health and the environment. Nanomaterials easily enter the environment during production processes or in waste disposal, and affect the human body through occupational exposure and use of different products. Probably the biggest concerns of toxicologists at this point are the potentially harmful impacts of nanomaterials which are still insufficiently understood.
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Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos između vjerovanja o
koristi i šteti od opraštanja, motivacije za opraštanje i
dobrobiti. Motivacija za opraštanje mjerena je TRIM
inventarom, koji se sastoji ...od tri skale – izbjegavanje, osveta
i dobronamjernost. Dobrobit je mjerena Skalom životnoga
zadovoljstva i PANAS upitnikom pozitivnih i negativnih
afekata. Skale za mjerenje vjerovanja o šteti i koristi od
opraštanja konstruirane su za potrebe ovog istraživanja.
Faktorska analiza rezultirala je dvama faktorima vjerovanja
o koristi od opraštanja (korist za sebe i korist za drugu
osobu/odnos) i dvama faktorima vjerovanja o šteti od
opraštanja (neuspjeh da se zaštitimo i neuspjeh da
educiramo osobu koja nas je povrijedila). Provedene su
višestruke regresijske analize sa životnim zadovoljstvom,
pozitivnim i negativnim afektima kao kriterijskim varijablama
te vjerovanjima o šteti i koristi od opraštanja i motivacijom
za opraštanje kao prediktorskim varijablama. Značajnim
prediktorima životnoga zadovoljstva pokazali su se
vjerovanje u korist za drugu osobu/odnos kao pozitivan
prediktor i neuspjeh da se zaštitimo kao negativan prediktor.
Neuspjeh da se zaštitimo i motivacija za osvetom bili su
pozitivni prediktori, dok je korist za odnos bila negativan
prediktor negativnih afekata. Nije bilo značajnih prediktora
pozitivnih afekata. Rezultati pokazuju da vjerovanja u koristi
opraštanja više nego u štetu mogu unaprijediti našu
dobrobit povećavajući životno zadovoljstvo i smanjujući
negativne afekte.
This paper applies user and gratification theories to Croatian audiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this manner, it investigates how often and for what purpose people used which media during ...the pandemic. This quantitative research is based on a sample of 741 respondents. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, correlation analysis and logistic regression were used in the data analysis. The results indicate a shift from traditional towards online media. Additionally, it has been shown that women and young people use messaging applications statistically significantly more. Public television is watched less than commercial television (Mdn commercial=4, IQR=2, Mdn public=3, IQR=2). The media are very often used for the purpose of communicating with other people, relaxing, having fun, and only then obtaining information about current events. This analysis provides important data on the use of media in a crisis and suggests a significant shift towards interactive online media with an emphasis on messaging applications.
Unatoč tendencijama hrvatskog zakonodavca za širenjem zakonskog opisa i time olakšavanjem dokazivanja pranja novca, pravna shvaćanja u sudskoj praksi i nevelik broj kaznenih postupaka upućuju na ...izrazito sužen doseg tog kaznenog djela. Kod zakonskih oblika koji nisu bili predmetom osuđujućih presuda u ovom se radu analizira sadržaj normativnog okvira pranja novca, povezanost s međunarodnim pravom, kao i razlozi nepokretanja postupaka ili oslobađanja okrivljenika. Zakonska obilježja pranja novca te razgraničenje od drugih kaznenih djela i nekažnjivih ponašanja analizirani su u kontekstu gospodarskog sustava kao zaštićenog pravnog dobra. Rezultati rada upućuju na to da je učinkovita kaznenopravna reakcija ipak moguća primjenom ustaljene sudske prakse za kaznena djela općenito, kao i raščlambom postojećih sudskih odluka za kazneno djelo pranja novca.
Despite the tendencies of the Croatian legislator to widen the legal description and thus facilitate the proving of money laundering, legal interpretation in the case law and a small number of criminal proceedings indicate a considerably narrowed scope of this criminal offence. With regard to legal forms that have not been the subject of convictions, this paper analyses the content of the normative framework of money laundering, the connection with international law, and the reasons for not instituting proceedings or acquitting the defendant. The legal features of money laundering, as well as its differentiation from other criminal offences and unpunished actions are analysed in the context of an economic system as a protected legal value. The results of the paper indicate that an effective criminal law response is already possible by applying the established case law for criminal offences in general, as well as by analysing existing court decisions for the criminal offence of money laundering.
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Kontekstualizacijom poduzetništva proces poduzetništva dimenzionira se u prostoru i vremenu. Uključujući dimenzije prostora i vremena, istraživačima poduzetništva omogućeno je da na specifičan način ...odgovore na neka temeljna istraživačka pitanja vezano za poduzetnički proces – a to su: tko, zašto, na koji način, gdje, kada i koliko uspješno?
Kontekstualizacija poduzetništva omogućuje bolje razumijevanje, ne samo načina na koji kontekst djeluje na poduzetništvo, bilo u smislu ograničenja ili u smislu mogućnosti, već i u smislu povratne sprege – mogućnosti djelovanja poduzetništva na promjene u kontekstu. Korist kontekstualizacije poduzetništva u tom smislu može biti dvojna – donosi
korist ne samo istraživačima poduzetništva kao sredstvo unapređenja njihovih budućih istraživanja o prirodi i doprinosu poduzetničkih aktivnosti na jedan sveobuhvatniji način, već i praktičarima koji su do sada iskazivali slab interes za naučne radove iz poduzetništva u odnosu na druga područja istraživanja - kontekstualizacijom poduzetnička istraživanja za njih nisu više uopćena. Cilj rada je da predstavi i istraži recentnu literaturu koja se bavi pitanjem kontekstualizacije poduzetništva, posebno imajući u vidu upute i smjernice koje bi navedeni izvori mogli imati za istraživače poduzetništva u specifičnim kontekstima, kao što je područje Zapadnog Balkana.
In the competitive business environment, as the number of rational consumers faced with many choices increases, companies can achieve their dominance best by applying the business concepts oriented ...to consumers in order to deliver a value which is different and better than that of their competitors. Among the various products on the market, an educated consumer chooses the offer that provides the greatest value for him/her. Therefore, it is essential for each company to determine how consumers per ceive the value of its offer, and which factors determine the high level of perceived value for current and potential consumers. An analysis of these factors provides guidance on how to improve the existing offer and what the offer to be delivered in the future should be like. That could increase the perceived value of the company offer and result in a positive impact on consumer satisfaction and on establishing a stronger, longterm relationship with consumers. The process of defining the perceived value of a particular market offer is a ected by the factors of the respective company’s ofer as well as by competition factors, consumer factors and buying process factors. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relevant knowledge about the process of creating the perceived value of the company’s market offer and the factors that influence this process. The paper presents a conceptual model of the perceived value creation process in consumers’ mind.
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