The aims of the present study are to describe the modern forms of cybercrime and analyze the substantive computer-specific offences of the Austrian Penal Code by the means of specialist literature ...and – as available – relevant judgments. Based on the debate about the terms “cybercrime” or “computer criminal law” and the term of data in the Austrian Penal Code, the specific substantive computer-specific offences, including the penal provision of the Data Protection Code concerning the criminal protection of personal data, are presented and discussed systematically.
Cyber insecurity Harrison, Richard M; Herr, Trey
2016., 2016, 2016-10-18
eBook
Growing dependence on cyberspace for commerce, communication, governance, and military operations has left society vulnerable to a multitude of security threats. Mitigating the inherent risks ...associated with the use of cyberspace poses a series of thorny public policy problems. In this volume, academics, practitioners from both private sector and government, along with former service members come together to highlight sixteen of the most pressing contemporary challenges in cybersecurity, and to offer recommendations for the future. As internet connectivity continues to spread, this book will offer readers greater awareness of the threats of tomorrow—and serve to inform public debate into the next information age. Contributions by Adrienne Allen, Aaron Brantly, Lauren Boas Hayes, Jane Chong, Joshua Corman, Honorable Richard J. Danzig, Kat Dransfield, Ryan Ellis, Mailyn Fidler, Allan Friedman, Taylor Grossman, Richard M. Harrison, Trey Herr, Drew Herrick, Jonah F. Hill, Robert M. Lee, Herbert S. Lin, Anastasia Mark, Robert Morgus, Paul Ohm, Eric Ormes, Jason Rivera, Sasha Romanosky, Paul Rosenzweig, Matthew Russell, Nathaniel Tisa, Abraham Wagner, Rand Waltzman, David Weinstein, Heather West, and Beau Woods.
Criminal trials often attract great public interest. This interest, again, is essential to criminal justice as such, for in democratic states under the rule of law criminal law and its application ...need to be asserted and accepted within the public discourse. However, most people do not follow criminal trials as spectators in the courtroom, but by means of public media, such as newspapers, television and – increasingly – the internet. Thus, media outlets gain influence on the public opinion and are able to paint the picture of criminal trials according to their own perception. The media tends to overdraw criminal cases rather than to report the unbiased facts. This leads to tensions between possibly diverging interests of the public, of the judiciary and of the media. This volume addresses these tensions from the perspectives of academics and practitioners, who discussed this issue during an interdisciplinary conference held at the Institute for Criminal Law at the Georg-August-University Göttingen.
Mit einem bei der Diskussion oft fehlendem Blick auf die technischen Grundlagen untersucht der Autor die Haftung des Account-Inhabers für missbräuchliche Handlungen eines Dritten über Accounts im ...Internet. Neben der materiellen Frage der Haftung auf Erfüllung oder Schadensersatz behandelt die Arbeit die prozessuale Frage von Beweiserleichterungen. Dabei richtet er den Blick auf Benutzerkonten auf Internetseiten ebenso wie auf E-Mail-Adressen, die elektronische Signatur, den elektronischen Identitätsnachweis im neuen Personalausweis sowie die De-Mail.
RAZUMIJEVANJE STRAHA OD KRIMINALITETA Doležal, Dalibor
Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja,
03/2009, Volume:
45, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Fear of crime as a concept has been present in criminological literature for quite some time. Numerous researches have been undertaken in order to explain this phenomenon, but still, it remains ...unclear what exactly represents this concept. Because of this, the expert working in the field of crime prevention have been having difficulties in creating successful preventive programs of fear of crime. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to present theoretical issues regarding the concept of fear of crime, as well as the overview of some theoretical models and, in the end, some propositions for implementations of successful preventive programs.
U radu se obrazlažu važni aspekti potrebni za razumijevanje pojave gospodarskog kriminaliteta u Republici Hrvatskoj vezani uz tranziciju iz socijalističkog u kapitalističko gospodarstvo te prateći ...proces pretvorbe i privatizacije. Taj proces doveo je do određenih specifičnosti gospodarskog kriminaliteta koje ranije nisu dolazile do izražaja u našem gospodarskom poslovanju, a koje su u tom smislu označile gotovo tridesetogodišnje razdoblje. Postojeće kriminološke teorije do sada nisu razmatrale vezu između gospodarskog kriminaliteta i tranzicije, odnosno pretvorbe i privatizacije. Radom će se nastojati obrazložiti kriminološka obilježja egzogene prirode koja su vezana uz proces pretvorbe i privatizacije u spomenutoj tranziciji. Ta obilježja karakteriziraju ne samo počinitelja nego i oštećenike gospodarskih kaznenih djela. Zaključci o njihovim obilježjima bit će prikazani kroz karakterističnu sudsku praksu.
The paper explains the important aspects necessary for understanding the emergence of economic crime in the Republic of Croatia related to the transition from a socialist to a capitalist economy and the accompanying process of conversion and privatisation. Some of the relevant theories in criminology are used to explain the basic characteristics of economic crimes and their perpetrators. It is precisely the exogenous features and factors which the Positivist school mentions that characterise not only the perpetrators of these crimes but also their victims. In relation to the perpetrator, these include features that boil down to the exploitation of both the transition and the process of conversion and privatisation for malicious purposes, as well as operating according to the phrase: “who messed up, messed up”. In relation to the victim, these characteristics include ignorance of the basic rules of business operations and their operations out of necessity.After explaining the concept of transition and the process of conversion and privatisation,the paper explains the connection of the mentioned phenomena through individual characteristic court cases in order to prove the influence of the transition and the process of conversion on the mentioned exogenous characteristics. In this way, an explanation is given on how the perpetrators of this type of crime were ready to use these exogenous factors in committing economic crimes. In doing so, they especially took advantage of the inexperience in business of their economic “partners”, i.e. victims. In addition, the perpetrators also took advantage of the emergency situations in which the victims found themselves, given the existing difficulties that prevailed in economic operations in the Republic of Croatia at that time.The established reasons that led to such economic crimes left their mark in the development of criminology because they defined not only the criminological description of the perpetrator, but also the description of the victim in that specific period.
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Rad se bavi razvojem i prikazom materijalnopravnog okvira za procesuiranje prijevara s PDV-om u europskom i hrvatskom kaznenom pravu te prikazom i analizom rezultata prikupljenih iz prakse u ...predmetima u kojima su ta djela procesuirana pred hrvatskim pravosudnim tijelima. U prvom dijelu rada analizirani su pojavni oblici prijevara s PDV-om i razvoj njihove inkriminacije kroz donošenje europskih propisa, prije svega Direktive PIF, i njihovu implementaciju u hrvatsko materijalno pravo. U drugom dijelu rada prikazani su podaci iz prakse prikupljeni iz javno dostupnih izvješća USKOK-a i EPPO-a, kao i neposredno od USKOK-a, te je iznesena njihova analiza u svjetlu relevantnosti kaznenih djela prijevare s PDV-om za nacionalni i europski proračun i učinkovitosti kaznenog progona njihovih počinitelja u dosadašnjoj praksi hrvatskih pravosudnih tijela. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na aktualne probleme u mogućnosti optuživanja za ta kaznena djela zbog ograničenja uzrokovanih propustima u implementaciji europskih propisa, kao i na evidentirane probleme u reakciji tijela kaznenog progona na prijetnju nacionalnim i europskim financijskim interesima koju uzrokuju prijevare s PDV-om.
This paper examines the subject of VAT fraud in Croatian criminal law and practice, focusing particularly on two main points: the first part of the paper tackles the definition and possible modalities of VAT fraud and the theoretical and practical challenges in criminalising these offences in European and national criminal legal systems. The second part of the paper presents a review and analysis of available data gathered from the Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organised Crime at the State Attorney’s Office and the EPPO regarding cases of VAT fraud prosecuted in the Republic of Croatia from 2013, when Croatia joined the EU and thus became susceptible to EU level VAT fraud, to the present day. Particular attention in the analysis is devoted to limitations for the successful prosecution of VAT fraud in Croatia due to the shortcomings of transposing EU legislation, foremost the PIF Directive, into the national criminal code. The paper also discusses the dynamics and the financially relevant extent to which the cases in question relate to documented amounts of damage (depicted by the VAT gap parameters) for national and European budgets resulting from VAT fraud. Some points of focus regarding the problems identified in the analysis are discussed and possible future steps suggested for the advancement of the response of national criminal law to the ever-growing threat of VAT fraud for both national and European financial interests. The proposed measures represent the minimum action necessary for an organised, sensible, and efficient approach to battling one of the most lucrative (and thus most damaging) forms of organised crime in the EU.
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Sustav mjerenja kriminaliteta (i drugih sigurnosnih pokazatelja) koji se trenutačno rabi, uglavnom se zasniva na praćenju verižnih i (nešto rjeđe) baznih indeksa. To samo po sebi nije sporno ukoliko ...se želi mjeriti broj kaznenih djela i prikazati njihovo kretanje kroz vremenska razdoblja. Problem nastaje kada se na temelju takvih pokazatelja iznose procjene o stupnju sigurnosti pa se kao temeljni parametar uzima postotak koji pokazuje pad ili porast ukupnog broja kaznenih djela na određenom području u određenom vremenskom razdoblju. Na taj se način miješaju kruške i jabuke, a promjene u njihovu ukupnom broju tumače se kao poboljšanje ili pogoršanje stupnja sigurnosti. Naime, zbrajanje svih otkrivenih i prijavljenih kaznenih djela i praćenje njihova kretanja, te tumačenje trendova na opisani način, s aspekta sigurnosti bilo bi adekvatno kada bi svako kazneno djelo imalo jednaku vrijednost u ukupnoj masi kriminaliteta. To, naravno, nije slučaj jer je, primjerice, ubojstvo teže kazneno djelo od krađe. Ta djela imaju različitu sigurnosnu težinu što vodi do zaključka da kaznena djela nije moguće jednostavno zbrajati i iz oscilacija u njihovom ukupnom broju izvlačiti sigurnosno relevantne zaključke. To je posebice neprihvatljivo kada se uzme u obzir činjenica da lakša djela redovito karakterizira velika brojnost pa trendove u vezi s ukupnim brojem kaznenih djela prate trendove najmasovnijih djela, što, posljedično, ne daje stvarnu sliku. Stoga se može postaviti teza kako se tek određene vrste kaznenih djela uzete kao cjelina mogu promatrati ravnopravno s ukupnim brojem drugih usporedivih vrsta kaznenih djela (kriterij usporedivosti u najvećoj mjeri bi se odnosio na sličnosti u vezi s tamnom brojkom). Ode li se korak dalje, moguće je postaviti i tezu prema kojoj različite vrste kaznenih djela predstavljaju veću ili manju sigurnosnu opasnost uspoređuju li se međusobno.
In the age of 9/11, the Iraq War, financial collapse, and Amber Alerts, our society is defined by fear. So it's not surprising that three out of four Americans say they feel more fearful today then ...they did twenty years ago. But are we living in exceptionally dangerous times? InThe Culture of Fear, sociologist Barry Glassner demonstrates that it is ourperceptionof danger that has increased, not the actual level of risk. Glassner exposes the people and organizations that manipulate our perceptions and profit from our fears, including advocacy groups that raise money by exaggerating the prevalence of particular diseases and politicians who win elections by heightening concerns about crime, drug use, and terrorism. In this new edition of a classic book-more relevant now than when it was first published-Glassner exposes the price we pay for social panic.
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