Rapid urbanisation in China has led to a substantial decrease in agricultural land. To address this unsustainable form of urban development, the Chinese government has implemented the ‘Linkage’ ...Policy (Zengjian Guagou), which requires any increase in new urban land by local governments to be compensated for with an equivalent amount of new arable land. This paper examines the institutional changes and the implications for China’s land production and development arising from this mechanism of transferring land development rights from the rural to the urban sectors. Using Chengdu as a case study, our research concludes that this institutional mechanism has conferred commodified and tradeable development rights on rural land, leading to the emergence and direct involvement of new players in village land consolidation, resettlement of affected villagers and, indirectly, in the supply of new urban land. Process efficiency has been improved with the local governments, developers and village collectives capitalising on their niches in village improvement projects. The conventional state-led model of land production is enriched with bottom-up market initiatives, and villagers have more choices to realise their land property rights under the dual land market. Land use efficiency has been enhanced by the reallocation of construction land potential. However, infringements of villagers’ interests and negative impacts on balanced regional development under this policy were also found.
中国城市化的快速发展导致了农业用地的大幅减少。为了应对这种不可持续的城市发展形式，中国政府实施了“增减挂钩”政策，它要求地方政府在增加新城市土地的同时用同等数量的新耕地进行补偿。本文考察了这种土地发展权从农村向城市转移的机制，以及该制度变迁对中国土地生产和开发所产生的影响。以成都为例，我们的研究得出以下结论：这种制度设计赋予了农村土地商品化的、可交易的发展权，致使新的参与者出现并直接参与乡村土地整理、受影响村民的重新安置，并使他们间接参与到新的城市土地供应中。地方政府、开发商和村集体利用其各自在村庄发展项目中的优势提高了过程效率。传统的国家主导型土地生产模式因融合了自下而上的市场主动性而更为丰富，村民在二元土地市场下拥有了更多的选择以实现其土地产权。通过重新分配建设用地潜力，土地利用效率也得以提高。然而，在这一政策下，也出现了侵犯村民利益的现象和对区域均衡发展所产生的负面影响。
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•Meta-analysis analyses livelihood outcomes of large-scale land acquisitions.•Livelihood outcomes arise from archetypical processes activated by specific factors.•7 archetypes of livelihood ...vulnerability to large-scale land acquisitions.•10 archetypical potentials for supporting livelihood sustainability.•We combine a diagnostic research approach with archetypes and meta-analysis.•Diagnostic research approach, archetypes and meta-analysis are combined.
Large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) have become a major concern for land use sustainability at a global scale. A considerable body of case studies has shown that the livelihood outcomes of LSLAs vary, but the understanding of factors and processes that generate these livelihood outcomes remains controversial and fragmented in terms of cases, contexts, and normative orientations. Therefore, this study presents a meta-analysis of case studies and applies the archetypes approach developed in global change research to analyse the configurations of factors and processes that generate different livelihood outcomes in LSLA situations. The analysis is based on 44 systematically selected studies covering 66 cases in 21 countries in Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe. The results show that LSLAs affect rural livelihoods through a small set of archetypical configurations. Adverse livelihood outcomes arise most frequently from processes of (1) enclosure of livelihood assets, (2) elite capture, (3) selective marginalisation of people already living in difficult conditions, and (4) polarisation of development discourses, and less frequently from (5) competitive exclusion, (6) agribusiness failure, and (7) transient jobs. The processes are activated in specific configurations of social-ecological factors. Moving beyond diagnosis, the paper identifies archetypical potentials for safeguarding or enhancing sustainable livelihoods in LSLA target regions at multiple levels of decision-making. Finally, we analyse how contextual factors modify these general insights. This paper helps to advance the archetypes methodology for use in global change research that aims at integral analysis of recurrent patterns expressed in local manifestations. The results can be used to better link local case studies with regional and global inventories of the global land rush.
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•Land-use changes and land polices evolution occurred over different periods in China were analyzed.•Land-use changes were linked closely to shifts in land policies and socio-economic development in ...China.•Deep-seated issues of unsustainable land policies in the process of China’s urbanization have been pondered.•Land policies reform for sustainable management and protection land should be implemented.
Ensuring food security and sustainable development in China has been threatened by the dilemma of the rapidly growing consumption of the country’s land resources. Research on the linkage between land-use changes and land policies in the process of industrialization and urbanization has received increased attention in recent years. The present study was conducted to analyze the undergoing dynamics for Chinese land policies and land-use changes based on reliable land-use data and to develop a thorough understanding of the historical drivers and pathways of land-use changes and China’s deep-seated land issues, as well as the social, political and economic factors involved. The results showed that land-use changes were linked closely to shifts in government land policies and socio-economic development in China. The evolution of land policies in China was the result of a path-dependent process, which included the reform of land use system, the economic development environment as well as a policy-making process that responded to short-term land development. The results also indicated that there have been considerable achievements regarding the land use system and land management in China. However, Chinese economic growth overly depended on investments as well as land finance, which were uncoordinated and unsustainable. The changes in land use were also the outcomes of the land policy failure. There is still a pressing need to reform land policies for more efficient and effective utilization of limited land resources; develop a trade-off and synergy among urban development, agricultural production and ecosystem preservation; differentiate land-use policies; allocate market-oriented land resource; and establish a national macro-control mechanism in collaboration with a coordinated land-use policy and basic legislation.
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In our research we investigated the optimal utilization of land resources for agricultural production in Tabriz County, Iran. A GIS-based Multi Criteria Decision Making land suitability analysis was ...performed. Hereby, several suitability factors including soils, climatic conditions, and water availability were evaluated, based on expert knowledge from stakeholders at various levels. An Analytical Hierarchical Process was used to rank the various suitability factors and the resulting weights were used to construct the suitability map layers. In doing so, the derived weights were used, and subsequently land suitability maps for irrigated and dry-farm agriculture were created. Finally, a synthesized land suitability map was generated by combining these maps and by comparing the product with current land use SPOT 5 satellite images. The resulting suitability maps indicate the areas, in which the intensity of land use for agriculture should increase, decrease or remain unchanged. Our investigations have revealed that 65676 hectares may be suitable for irrigation and 120872 hectares may be suitable for dry-farm agriculture. This indicates a substantial potential to satisfy the significantly increasing regional demand for agricultural products. The results of our research have been provided to the regional authorities and will be used in strategic land use planning.
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We examine the impact of ambiguous and contested land rights on investment and productivity in agriculture in Akwapim, Ghana. We show that individuals who hold powerful positions in a local political ...hierarchy have more secure tenure rights and that as a consequence they invest more in land fertility and have substantially higher output. The intensity of investments on different plots cultivated by a given individual corresponds to that individual’s security of tenure over those specific plots and, in turn, to the individual’s position in the political hierarchy relevant to those specific plots.
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The popular term 'land grabbing', while effective as activist terminology, obscures vast differences in the legality, structure and outcomes of commercial land deals and deflects attention from the ...roles of domestic elites and governments as partners, intermediaries and beneficiaries. This paper summarises initial evidence of the characteristics of recent acquisitions of public lands and land held under customary tenure in Southern Africa, and their distribution across the region. It draws attention to their diverse manifestations - to questions of size, duration and source of the investments; the commodities and business models through which they are implemented; the tenure arrangements and resources accessed; the terms of leases and compensation; the degree of displacement; labour regimes and employment creation; and changes in settlement and infrastructure. The article proposes a schematic analytical framework for distinguishing between different types of land deals and considers the implications for unfolding and future trajectories of agrarian change.
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•An analysis of the current land use system in the context of the various policies and programs in the government is offered.•Major land use problems that have contributed to an unsustainable land ...use system are identified.•Impact of land policy on rural and urban areas highlighted.•Reform programs that the government must consider are recommended.
Ethiopia is one of the few African countries that have implemented a revolutionary land reform program that still retains the relics of the socialist ideology, specifically, the state ownership of land. Since 1975, the country has undergone a major transformation in implementing land reform policies and other major economic programs that have contributed to the development of an unsustainable land use structure that has become a burden on the national economy. The purpose of this research is to examine the current land use system in the context of the various policies and programs of the government. The analysis reveals that the land use system in Ethiopia is riddled with a host of problems including insecurity of tenure, fragmentation and diminution of farm sizes, corruption associated with land stocking by individuals and corporations with strong political ties, the displacement of farmers and poor urban residents, and the issue of expropriation and unfair compensation for land taken from land owners. The study recommends major reform programs related to right of ownership, land confiscation and compensation, institutional capacity building, protection of prime agricultural land and local environment, and addressing problems of land grabbing and land banking.
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Economic development and mass urbanization have unleashed unprecedented levels of land disputes in East Asia. In China and Vietnam especially, courts and other legal institutions struggle to find ...lasting solutions. It is against this background of legal failure that this book brings together leading scholars to understand how state agencies, land users and land developers imaginatively engage with each other to resolve disputes. Drawing on empirically rich case studies, contributors explore the limits of law and legal institutions in resolving land disputes and reveal insights into how key actors in East Asia understand land disputes. Their studies reveal promising dispute resolution practices and point to the likely ways that states will deal with land disputes in the future.
•Disputes over agricultural, industrial and residential land uses frequently occur in the urban–rural interfaces.•Land use conflicts present in land use structure, land conversion and landscape ...pattern.•Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration policy fails to reconcile the land use conflicts.•Category of the conflict areas can help establish priorities for land use planning.•Public participation, equity and rural revitalization are viable solutions for conflicts management.
Competition among different uses for land is becoming acute under the process of urbanization, and conflicts related to this competition are becoming more frequent and more complex. This article presents a methodology for confronting this issue. By applying an integrated framework, we explore the implicit role of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration (BRI) policy in land use conflicts by focusing on the urban-rural interface, and try to address the research question: “How feasible is BRI for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban-rural interface?” An original structure of the analysis is developed based on the identification of three types of conflicts, namely, conflicts over land use structure, conflicts over land conversion and conflicts over landscape pattern. According to the interactions and relationships among these conflicts, we define broad categories of land use conflict areas. Indeed, these conflicts are all related to the unplanned use of agricultural land reserves, which competes with other more immediate uses, and the over-exploitation of land resources caused by unsustainable urban practices. This policy is clearly a critical objective for optimizing the land use structure. It, however, fails to reconcile the conflicts over land conversion and landscape pattern, especially for considerable agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural uses, and low-density development pattern with mixed residential and industrial land uses. Hence, alternative strategies involving public participation, spatial equity, rural revitalization, land-use system reform, and new type of urbanization, can be identified as viable solutions for land use conflict management, which may be complementary to regional integration. The findings of our paper may also contribute to the policy debate on BRI concerning land use planning and regional sustainability.
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•We examine the effects of land markets on forest land appropriation in Jambi, Indonesia.•Households involved in land markets and in forest land appropriation differ in terms of socioeconomic ...characteristics.•Weak de jure property rights result in the undervaluation of appropriated forest land.•Land markets did not have significant effects on deforestation.
We examine the emergence of land markets and their effects on forest land appropriation by farm households in Jambi Province, Sumatra, using micro-level data covering land use and land transactions for a period of more than 20years (1992–2015). Based on a theoretical model of land acquisition by a heterogeneous farming population, different hypotheses are developed and empirically tested. Farm households involved in forest land appropriation differ from those involved in land market purchases in terms of migration status and other socioeconomic characteristics. In principle, these differences provide opportunities for market-induced deforestation. However, the appropriated forest land is not extensively traded, which we attribute to the lack of de jure property right protection and the resulting undervaluation in the market. While the de facto property right protection under customary law provides sufficient security within the village community, the sense of external tenure security is low when the land cannot be formally titled. Clearing forests for trading in the land market is, therefore, financially less lucrative for farm households than engaging in own cultivation of plantation crops, such as oil palm and rubber. We conclude that land markets did not have significant effects on deforestation. On the other hand, the emergence of land markets alone has also not been able to deter forest appropriation by local farm households.
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