The chicken farming industry in Indonesia cannot be separated from the use of antibiotics as a curative effort in controlling the disease. Its use is either via injection, soaking, or as a feed ...additive (growth promoter) mixed in feed. Inappropriate use of antibiotics causes allergic reactions or resistance and the possibility of causing poisoning, residues in livestock tissues or organs that are harmful to human health when consuming them. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic residues in eggs and the level of knowledge of livestock workers on the use of antibiotics in livestock. The detection of antibiotic residues was conducted using the agar plate diffusion method by Kirby Bauer with the disk diffusion technique using Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. As indicator bacteria. The results were analysed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The samples were 76 eggs taken from the Regional Technical Implementation Unit of the Non-Ruminant Livestock Center of the Aceh Livestock Service in Blang Bintang and Saree Aceh Besar. Chloramphenicol antibiotic was used as a test medium and as control by calculating the diameter of the inhibition zone formed on MHA media. furthermore, a cross-sectional study design was used and questionnaires were distributed to 14 livestock officers to understand the knowledge of officers on the use of antibiotics in livestock by using google form. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test through the SPSS 22.0 program. The results showed that the eggs and feed samples were negative from antibiotic residue. There was no relationship between feeding and antibiotic residues in eggs and laying hens feed. However, only 35.7% of officers had good knowledge about proper antibiotic usage. This means continuing awareness to the officers regarding the use of antibiotics either for treatment of diseases or as feed promoter are essential.
Plant breeding has developed corn genotypes with grain higher in levels of carotenoids. Dietary consumption of specific carotenoids by humans has been associated with improved eye health, notably ...with some protection against age-related macular degeneration. Increasing dietary sources of macular carotenoids in the standard American diet might be accomplished by using high carotenoid Orange Corn in poultry diets to increase macular carotenoid concentrations in egg yolks. Three hundred sixty laying hens (Novogen White) were fed three different diets over 31 days. Each diet had six replicates of 20 hens housed in enrichable colony cages. The only difference was the type of corn included - white, yellow, and orange, in order to assess the impact of each type of corn on egg production, yolk pigmentation, and carotenoid deposition. This study assessed yolk color and carotenoid densities using a portable colorimeter and the DSM YolkFan, and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on eggs from the feeding study and on 43 cartons of 12 eggs commercially available and produced in various production settings: conventional cage, cage-free, cage-free organic, free-range/pasture, and free-range/pasture organic. Yolks from hens fed with the Orange Corn diet produced eggs with higher (P < 0.01) DSM yolk color (6 to 10) and total xanthophylls (23.5 to 35.3 μg/g of egg yolk) compared to the yellow diet (5 to 6 DSM and 12.3 to 17.7 μg/g xanthophylls) and white diet (1 to 2 DSM and 2.5 to 3.0 μg/g xanthophylls). Egg yolks reached a maximum xanthophyll accumulation with the Orange Corn diet (35.3 μg/g of egg yolk) after twelve days of treatment and maintained steady levels at subsequent time points. In general, xanthophyll levels in yolks from the Orange Corn diet were superior (30–61% higher) to any of the commercial egg brands, suggesting that feeding high carotenoid Orange Corn increases xanthophyll density in eggs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Introduction: For millenniums, aromatic plants have been used for the treatment of many diseases worldwide. These plants contain a wide variety of active phytochemicals including flavonoids, ...terpeniods, lignans, sulfides, polyphenolics, carotenoids, coumarins, saponins, plant sterols and phthalides (Craig 1999). Among all, Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) fruit extract, known as a phytoestrogenic herb, has been used for the treatment of menstrual disorders (amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea), premenstrual syndrome (PMS), corpus luteum insufficiency, hyperprolactinaemia, infertility, acne, menopause, and disrupted lactation (Daniele et al. 2005). Previous studies have reported the efficacy of VAC in PMS, cycle disorders, hyperprolactinaemia and mastalgia in human and other animals. However, no study has yet been published on the effect of VAC on laying hens' performance in second cycle of production. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of VAC fruit powder on performance, egg quality, immune responses, blood biochemical parameters, tibial characteristics, and reproductive traits of laying hens in second cycle of production. Material and methods: This experiment was conducted to determine the nutritional value of VAC and to investigate its effects on performance and egg quality of laying hens in the second cycle of production. In the first step, AOAC methods were used for determination of the nutritional value of VAC. In the second step, 150 Leghorn Hy-Line (W-36) laying hens (80 to 90 weeks of age) were used based on a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 6 hens per each replicate. Treatment diets included 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% of VAC fruit powder. The birds received basal diet (corn- and soybean-based diet with 15.05% crude protein and 2802 kcal/kg metabolizable energy) in a mash form and formulized according to the Hy-Line W-36 (2016) nutrient requirements. The diet did not have any antibiotics and coccidiostats. Water and feed were provided ad-libitum during the experiment. Lighting program was 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness during the experiment. Egg weight (EW, gr), egg production (EP, %) and egg mass (EM, gr/hen/day) were recorded daily. Feed intake (FI, gr) was measured weekly and feed conversion ratio (FCR, grams of feed: grams of egg mass) was calculated weekly. In the present study, all performance parameters were presented in three periods (first 4 weeks, second 4 weeks, and entire 8 weeks). At the end of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of the experiment, two eggs from each replicate were randomly selected for measurement of the egg qualitative traits and presented for each period. For determination of immune response, at 6 and 8 weeks of experiment, 0.5 mL of 20% sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were injected to the breast muscle of 2 hens per replicate. Then blood samples were taken from brachial vein 7 days after each injection (Nelson et al. 1995). At the end of experiment, one bird per each replicate was slaughtered for evaluating tibial characteristics (Zhang and Coon 1997) and reproductive traits (Renema et al. 2010). Results and discussion: The results showed that crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and crude ash were 10.5%, 5.6%, 56.0% and 12.6% of dry matter, respectively. Performance parameters such as FI, EP, EM, EW and FCR were not significantly affected by various levels of VAC fruit powder (P>0.05). Egg quality factors such as Haugh unit, shell strength, shell percentage, shell thickness, and egg yolk color were not affected significantly by dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, albumin percentage was increased, but yolk percentage was decreased significantly during the first 4 weeks of experiment (P<0.05). In this regard, Karacollokcu et al. (2016) reported the insignificant effect of myrtus and vitex essential oil supplementation (alone or in combination) on production performance and internal and external quality traits of the eggs (except for egg specific gravity and yolk color) during the peak of egg production period in laying hen. Vakili (2011) indicated that, adding essential oils of thyme and fennel into the diet of the laying hens significantly improved Haugh unit scores. Vakili (2011) suggested that bird’s age and production cycle are the effective factors on eggs' internal and external quality. Nonetheless, addition of 40 mg of thyme extracts per kg of diet had insignificant effect on eggshell quality parameters of laying hens (Vakili 2011). Immune responses, tibia characteristics and reproductive traits of laying hens were not significantly affected by various levels of VAC powder (P>0.05). Also, blood concentration of glucose, high density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05), but triglyceride and cholesterol were decreased (P<0.05). A decrease in serum cholesterol concentration could be related to hypocholesterolemic activity of herbal essential oils via the inhibition of hepatic 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis in smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Srinivasan 2004), and also high levels of VAC fiber. Moreover, steroid like compounds (phytoestrogens and ecdysteroids), capable of binding to estrogen receptors, have been previously isolated from VAC (Bahrebar et al. 2010). It is concluded that these compounds can affect lipid metabolism in a dose dependent manner (Bahrebar et al. 2010). Furthermore, the existence of antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and iridoids, were beneficial in the normalizing of serum lipid levels (Bahrebar et al. 2010). Conclusion: The results of this experiment indicated that feeding VAC at 0.5-2% had insignificant effect on performance, but could improve lipid metabolism via decreasing the blood concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in laying hens.
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a cause of extraintestinal infections, particularly respiratory infections, pericarditis, and septicemia in poultry (colibacillosis). Research aimed at ...uncovering the virulence factors responsible for colibacillosis in poultry, especially laying hens in Indonesia, is still quite rare. The purpose of this study is to identify the virulence factors responsible for colibacillosis in E. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin. The virulence factors targeted in this research are the genes iss, iutA, iroN, ompT, and hlyF. The study utilized 327 E. coli isolates from the archives of the National Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratory, which were collected in 2021 in seven provinces.All isolates were tested for pathogenicity using Congo Red. Subsequently, E. coli strains determined to be pathogenic were tested for their sensitivity to ciprofloxacin using the agar dilution method. Isolates that were both resistant and pathogenic were then examined for the presence of the virulence genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on the results of the Congo Red test, it was found that 59 isolates (18%) were pathogenic E. coli. Among the 54 pathogenic E. coli isolates subjected to sensitivity testing, 30 isolates were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. Subsequently, PCR analysis of these 30 ciprofloxacin-resistant pathogenic E. coli isolates revealed the presence of the iss gene in 29 isolates (96%), iutA in 23 isolates (76.6%), ompT in 19 isolates (63.3%), hlyF in 14 isolates (46.6%), and iroN in 11 isolates (36.6%). Eight isolates showed the presence of all five virulence genes, while the rest had one to three virulence genes. This study demonstrates that virulence genes are commonly found in ciprofloxacin-resistant pathogenic E. coli. This suggests a potential threat to the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in managing colibacillosis in laying hens.
Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) seriously threatens the layer industry due to it can cause a sudden decline in egg production and acute death, and dietary supplement with bioactive substance ...is considered an effective way to prevent the FLHS occurrence. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a popular dietary supplement and it possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions; however, the effect and underlying mechanism about DHEA in protecting against the occurrence and development of FLHS remain elucidated. The current results showed that DHEA relieved HELP-induced decrease of egg productivity and liver injury in laying hens. Meanwhile, DHEA markedly enhanced the antioxidant capacity and then alleviated oxidative stress via activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF-2) signal in laying hens fed with HELP diets. In addition, DHEA significantly alleviated HELP-stimulated systemic inflammatory response by suppressing the overproduction of hepatic pro-inflammatory factors in laying hens, and further found this beneficial effect was achieved by blocking the activation of NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we found that DHEA promoted the AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) activation and increased the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) expression level in laying hens fed with HELP diets. In summary, our data demonstrated that DHEA attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation through the activation of GPER-AMPK signal axis in laying hens fed with HELP diets. These results might facilitate an understanding of the benefits and mechanism of DHEA on the development of FLHS, and provide sufficient data to support it as a dietary supplement to control the FLHS-related metabolic diseases in chickens.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chicken gastrointestinal microbiota plays important roles in health, productivity, and disease. However, knowledge of the relationship between heat stress and the gut microbial ecosystem of poultry, ...especially laying hens, is still limited. Here, we aimed to provide important knowledge for heat stress intervention in the egg industry. We performed high-throughput sequencing metagenomics on fecal contents to unravel the microbial taxa and functional capacity of the gut microbiome of caged laying hens under heat stress. Results showed that the fecal microbial communities of laying hens were dominated by
Firmicutes
,
Bacteroidetes
, and
Proteobacteria
phyla. The
Firmicutes
were significantly decreased, and
Bacteroidetes
were increased in the fecal microbiota under heat stress. Functional prediction of these changes in microbiota revealed that metabolism-related pathways, including cysteine and methionine metabolism and benzoate degradation, were more abundant. Conversely, retinol metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were decreased by heat stress, suggesting differences in metabolism between layers in different temperature environments. Clear contributions were identified between active taxa (genus level) and metabolic pathways, which were associated with the liver and intestinal dysfunction in layers. These data revealed that heat stress induced a significant taxonomic perturbation in the gut microbiome of caged laying hens. This was related to the negative effects of heat stress in poultry and provided important basic knowledge for heat stress intervention.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de armazenamento do milho em condições de clima tropical úmido sobre rações avícolas (poedeiras e frangos de corte). Foram ...realizados dois experimentos, o primeiro utilizando 150 poedeiras leves e o segundo utilizando 240 frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, as poedeiras distribuídas em DIC, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco períodos de armazenamento do milho (1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) com cinco repetições de seis aves cada, avaliando seu desempenho e qualidade dos ovos por 84 dias. No segundo experimento, os frangos de corte foram distribuídos em DIC, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco períodos de armazenamento do milho (1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias) com quatro repetições de 12 aves cada, tendo seu desempenho avaliado em três fases de manejo e os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes após abate. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a ANOVA e ao Teste de Tukey à 0,01 e 0,05. Para poedeiras, o uso de milho armazenado até 28 dias não afetou (P>0,05) significativamente o desempenho e a maioria dos parâmetros de qualidade dos ovos, com apenas a coloração da gema e a unidade Haugh decrescendo (P≤0,05) à medida que foi aumentado o período de armazenamento do milho. Para frangos de corte, a maioria das variáveis de desempenho e os rendimentos de peito e sobrecoxa foram afetadas significativamente (P≤0,05), com seus resultados decrescendo à medida que foi aumentado o período de armazenamento do milho.
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