The present study aims to find efficient alternatives to synthetic anthelmintics among ethno-veterinary herbs.
Ascaridia galli
eggs isolated from the worm uterus were exposed in vitro to methanolic ...extracts (ME) of nine plant species such as
Achillea millefolium
(AM),
Artemisia absinthium
(AA),
Artemisia vulgaris
(AV),
Cicerbita alpina
(CA),
Cichorium intybus
(CI),
Inula helenium
(IH),
Origanum vulgare
(OV),
Tanacetum vulgare
(TV),
Tanacetum parthenium
(TP). Flubendazole (FL), 0.5% formalin with dimethylsulfoxide and Petri dishes without the addition of reagents were used as positive, negative and untreated control respectively. The effects of the different ME at concentrations 0.500, 0.325, 0.200 mg/ml were assessed on the embryonic development (ED) of the eggs in duplicate. Logit analysis was used to calculate EC
50
values. A generalized linear mixed model, having plant species and concentration as fixed effect and day as repeated measure, was used to determine differences in ED. Estimated EC
50
was the lowest for FL at 0.11 mg/ml. CA and TV followed with 0.27 mg/ml and 0.32 mg/ml. ED for FL was significantly lower (25%) than that of CA (47%). The analysis showed 0.5 mg/ml of the ME of CA and TV significantly affected the ED at 35% and 42% inhibitions respectively. The ED for all ME showed similar pattern i.e., relatively higher efficacy in the first experimental week compared to the rest of the experimental period. The effect from all multicomponent extracts is time and dose dependent. The plants have promising results in inhibiting ED, contributing to the identification of alternative anthelmintic treatments.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
(
) was recently discovered as the causative agent of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD). SLD affects laying hens and causes significant economic losses in egg production in several countries throughout the ...world. Field observations reveal that cases of SLD appear with a high risk of reoccurrence, specifically in free-range and organic brown-feathered layer lines. Possible factors contributing to the development of SLD still have to be elucidated. In this field study, one free range (Flock 1) and one organic flock (Flock 2) of brown laying hens kept on farms with a history of clinical SLD were monitored for
colonization, clinical signs, and egg production from 16 to 79 wk of age on the first farm and from 17 to 83 wk of age on the other. The flocks showed a significant drop in egg production at 32 to 39 or 56 wk of age, respectively, which was associated with macroscopically visible liver lesions typical for SLD. Interestingly, in both cases observed clinical disease was linked to a stressful event: heat stress for Flock 1 and respiratory symptoms for Flock 2.
was detected by PCR during the acute phase of the disease in Flock 1. At 50 wk after the initial clinical outbreak had waned,
was still able to be isolated by culture in this flock. This clearly demonstrates that
persists either in the birds or their environment. We speculate that this long persistence may favor chronic SLD in affected flocks and the reoccurrence of SLD in subsequent flocks. Clinically less severe SLD outbreaks may be observed after re-exposure of clinically recovered flocks.
Heat stress is an important factor affecting poultry production; birds have a range of inflammatory reactions under high-temperature environments. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ...effects. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary curcumin supplementation on the liver transcriptome of laying hens under heat stress conditions. In the animal experiment, a total of 240 Hy-Line brown hens aged 280 days were divided randomly into four different experimental diets with four replicates, and each replicate consisted of 15 hens during a 42-D experiment. The ambient temperature was adjusted to 34 ± 2 °C for 8 h per day, transiting to a range of 22 °C to 28 °C for the remaining 16 h. In the previous study of our lab, it was found that supplemental 150 mg/kg curcumin can improve production performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and immune function in laying hens under heat stress. To further investigate the regulatory mechanism of curcumin on heat stress-related genes, in total, six samples of three liver tissues from each of 0 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg curcumin test groups were collected for RNA-seq analysis. In the transcriptome analysis, we reported for the first time that the genes related to heat stress of mRNA, such as
,
,
, and
were co-expressed with lncRNA such as
,
,
,
, and
, and all of these genes are shown to be down-regulated. These findings provide a scientific basis for the possible benefits of dietary curcumin addition in heat-stressed laying hens.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Feather pecking is a key welfare challenge in laying hen husbandry. Feeding of live Hermetia illucens larvae could provide a possible solution to reduce feather pecking in hens. This research ...investigates effects of dispensing live
larvae to non-beak trimmed older laying hens on production performance, behavior and welfare. Control treatment hens were provided a commercial diet, while larvae treatment hens were provided live
larvae (using special dispenser) on top of a soy-free diet. Feather condition, production performance and egg quality were measured during the initiation (67 weeks age) and termination (78 weeks age) of the trial. Behavior of birds was monitored using video recording. Feed conversion ratio, body weight gain and egg laying parameters were similar for both treatments. At termination of the trial, larvae-fed hens exhibited better feather condition in comparison to control hens (
= 0.004). Behavioral observations indicated that larvae provision influenced the number of birds on floor during morning and afternoon hours. In conclusion, live H.
larvae could successfully replace soy in diets of older laying hens (in combination with local plant proteins). Provisioning of these insects also had a positive effect on the feather condition of laying hens with intact beaks.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Notwithstanding the National Salmonella Control Programs, the latest data published by the European Food Safety Authority show an increase in Salmonella Enteritidis prevalence in laying hen ...flocks. For this reason, the implementation of innovative techniques such as phage therapy is needed to control Salmonella at farm level. Most common bacteriophage applications are a cocktail of 2 or more bacteriophages, as it has been described that cocktails could remove different Salmonella serotypes, thus providing cross efficacy. Nevertheless, resistance to the bacteriophage cocktail has been reported, resulting in a decrease in their effectiveness. Along these lines, some authors have reported the possibility of using autophage when commercial bacteriophage cocktails are not active against field strains. To our best knowledge, no autophage (bacteriophage isolated from the same environment where the pathogen is isolated) has been found to control Salmonella in laying hens. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the application of autophage in reducing Salmonella Enteritidis in environmental and fecal samples in a layer farm. To this end, the bacteriophage was isolated from the same farm where the bacteria was present and was applied onto the facility installations and the animals, at 2 different times. After bacteriophage challenges, swab cloths from facility surfaces and feces samples were collected at 3 times according to the time spent after the bacteriophage challenge. The results obtained in our study showed that all the surface samples collected from the farm facilities after phage therapy were negative for Salmonella. Concerning faces samples, statistical differences were found in Salmonella counts, with the strongest decrease (1.78log10) occurring after the second challenge. Otherwise, depending of the moment of sampling, the results obtained were 2.34log10, 1.39log10, 0.56log10, and 0.97log10 cfu/g for T0, T1, T2, and T3 respectively. The study highlights the use of autophage therapy not only for Salmonella Enteritidis control in animals, but as a sanitizer in cleaning and disinfection.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To determine the effects of adding essential oils of rosemary, dill and chicory extract to diets on performance, egg quality and enzyme activity of laying hens subjected to heat stress, a total of ...240 laying hens were used and based on a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial, eight diets, with five replicates, including basal diet with two levels of rosemary essential oil (0, 20 ml/100 kg), two levels of dill essential oil (0, 15 ml/100 kg) and two levels of chicory extract (0, 250 ml/100 kg) were fed to the experimental birds. Dietary dill had a significant effect on egg index under heat stress condition. The birds given rosemary, dill and chicory alone exhibited lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentration under thermoneutral and heat stress condition compared to those fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Synergistic effects between dietary rosemary, dill and chicory significantly increased plasma glutathione peroxidase activity compared to those that received only rosemary, dill or chicory, which has been never reported (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of single or combination of rosemary, dill and chicory can improve at least some production performance and antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase) in heat-stressed laying hens.
Poultry oil is commonly used as a cost-effective energy source in poultry feed. However, when used at higher levels, raw poultry oil has been found to have adverse effects on the liver of birds. ...Unfortunately, many poultry farmers remain unaware of these harmful effects. The objective of this experiment was to investigate how poultry oil impacts liver health and contributes to fatty liver syndrome in layers. Using a completely randomized design, 120 Lohmann Single Comb (LSL-Lite) layers (25- week-old) were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups, each of which had 30 birds. Increasing amounts of poultry oil (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5%) were used in experimental diets. Hens were fed these experimental diets for 20 weeks. The results showed maximum liver fat percentage in 4.5% poultry oil in diet, severe liver congestion, degeneration and cell necrosis in caged layers. Plasma lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) and liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by poultry oil addition. Higher liver scores indicative of fatty liver syndrome was observed in layers receiving 4.5% poultry oil, while the control group showed the lowest incidence. This study indicated that poultry oil dietary addition at a higher level (4.5%) lead to an increased serum lipid profile and has a negative impact on liver health, ultimately causing fatty liver syndrome in caged layers
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore whether conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could alleviate fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) induced by estradiol benzoate intramuscular injection ...in laying hens. One hundred male Hy-Line white chickens were randomly divided into two groups, namely, the control (CON) and estradiol benzoate (E) groups, and both groups were fed the same basal diet. After injections of estradiol benzoate at 2 mg/kg every two days for a total of 7 times, chickens in the E group showed FLHS symptoms, including liver enlargement, hemorrhage, and steatosis. Then half of the chickens in the E group received an additional diet containing 5000 mg/kg CLA for 8 weeks. The results of morphological observations, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Oil Red O staining showed that CLA alleviated liver enlargement, hemorrhage, and lipid accumulation in FLHS chickens. In addition, we measured liver function and lipid metabolism indicators, including ALT, AST, TG, TCH, HDL-C, and LDL-C, which further suggested that CLA mitigated the disturbance of serum and liver metabolism in FLHS chickens. Mechanistically, CLA inhibited hepatic de novo lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and TG accumulation and increased TG hydrolysis in FLHS chickens by regulating the gene expression of CD36, ACC, FAS, SCD 1, DGAT2, LIPE, ATGL, CPT1A, SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, PPARγ, and PPARα. Furthermore, CLA ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress and inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway-mediated inflammation in FLHS chickens. In conclusion, CLA regulated lipid metabolism, thus further alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation to alleviate FLHS induced by estrogen in chickens.
We successfully replicated the FLHS pathological model by intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate. Most importantly, dietary CLA alleviated FLHS by alleviating hepatic lipid metabolism disorders, oxidative stress injury, and inflammation.
Lay Summary
Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) has become one of the most common noninfectious diseases that contribute to laying hen mortality. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a functional polyunsaturated fatty acid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CLA on FLHS induced by estradiol benzoate in laying hens. We successfully replicated the FLHS pathological model by intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate. The results of morphological and histopathological observations showed that CLA alleviated liver lipid accumulation in FLHS chickens. In addition, we measured liver function and lipid metabolism indicators, which further suggested that CLA mitigated the disturbance of serum and liver metabolism in FLHS chickens. Moreover, CLA inhibited hepatic de novo lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and TG accumulation and increased TG hydrolysis in FLHS chickens by regulating related gene expression. Furthermore, CLA ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress and inhibited inflammation in FLHS chickens. In conclusion, CLA regulated lipid metabolism, thus further alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation to alleviate FLHS induced by estrogen in chickens. Our results provide new evidence and insights for applying CLA as an effective treatment for FLHS.
Vitamin D
3
has an integral part in calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis, which in turn plays a key role in egg production of hens. The present study aimed to investigate whether an additional vitamin ...D
3
supplementation improves the laying performance and egg quality of hens according to their genetic potential. For this purpose, four layer lines (low performing: R11 and L68; high performing: WLA and BLA) supplemented either with 300 or 3000 IU vitamin D
3
per kg feed were compared concerning serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
(25-OHD
3
), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), laying performance and egg quality. The higher supplementation of vitamin D
3
increased 25-OHD
3
serum concentrations in all genotypes, except for R11 and WLA hens in week 49, and also elevated vitamin D
3
and 25-OHD
3
content in the egg yolk (p < 0.05). In week 29, 3000 IU vitamin D
3
decreased pooled least squares means (LSMeans) of serum calcium concentrations considering all genotypes and increased the ALP concentrations in BLA hens (p < 0.05). Considering the whole experimental period daily egg mass of R11 hens was increased by an additional vitamin D
3
supplementation (p < 0.001). Regarding all genotypes and the whole experimental period the pooled LSMeans of breaking strength of eggs from hens fed 3000 IU vitamin D
3
were higher than those of hens fed 300 IU (p = 0.044). In conclusion, present results give evidence that the higher vitamin D
3
supplementation might have genotype-dependently beneficial effects on calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis of hens, which might improve feed efficiency in the early laying period and promote the persistence of the laying period irrespectively of genotype. The increase of serum 25-OHD
3
by the higher vitamin D supplementation supported the higher transfer of vitamin D in the egg yolk and improved genotype-dependently the breaking strength of the eggshell.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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