Following an exceedance of the lead action level for drinking water in 2016, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA) undertook two sampling programs: the required biannual Lead and Copper ...Rule (LCR) compliance testing and a home sampling program based on customer requests. The LCR sampling results, at locations expected to be elevated when corrosion is not well controlled, had higher concentrations than customer-requested homes, with 90th percentile values for the LCR sites exceeding the action level through 2019 (except for June 2018). Customer-requested concentrations showed greater variability, with the median lead concentration for customer-requested samples below detection for each year of sampling, suggesting only some homes show elevated lead when corrosion control is not fully effective. Corrosion control adjustments brought the utility back into compliance in 2020 (LCR 90th percentile of 5.1 ppb in June 2020); customer-requested sampling after the addition of orthophosphate indicated below detection levels for 59% of samples. Monte Carlo simulations indicate LCR samples do not all represent high lead risk sites, and the application of corrosion control more significantly affects higher lead concentration sites. Broader water quality sampling provides information about specific homes but is not well suited to assessing the efficacy of corrosion control efforts by utilities.
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Objective. To determine the blood lead levels and identify related risk factors among preschool children in a lead polluted area (Taizhou, China) and provide theoretical support for prevention of ...lead pollution. Methods. A stratified-clustered-random sampling method was used to determine the survey sample. Blood lead levels were determined by the tungsten atomizer absorption spectrophotometer. Results. A total of 2,018 subjects (average age of 59 months; 1,087 boys and 931 girls) were included. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median blood lead levels of the preschool children were 56.4 μg/L, 48.9 μg/L, and 46 μg/L. A total of 8.8% children had blood lead levels >100 μg/L and 43.9% had blood lead levels >50 μg/L. Mother’s education level, father’s occupation, decorative tableware, exposure to makeup, and the residential floor were all risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (odds ratios of 1.42, 1.21, 1.11, 1.19, and 1.27, resp.), while hand washing before eating food was a protective factor (odds ratio of 0.88). Conclusions. The blood lead levels of preschool children in Taizhou were higher than in other areas in China and in developed countries. Therefore, policies ensuring lead-based industries are not placed in close proximity to residential areas are required.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Lead is a toxic metal being employed in numerous industries across the world, and is responsible for environmental contamination and multiple adverse health effects during its processing, use, and ...disposal. The good thing is that all such effects are avoidable, but we are falling short in all possible dimensions. Even though various potential sources of exposure have been identified for environmental contamination or human adverse effects, lead paint is one of the most important ones. From a financial perspective, the use of these paints is associated with both direct and indirect economic costs and is immense in developing nations. Moreover, some nations have already adopted measures to reduce exposure to lead paint, but their practical implementation is lagging in most places. To conclude, lead exposure during childhood has been associated with multiple acute and chronic side effects. It is high time that international stakeholders realize the concern and prioritize it to reduce its level in the environment.
Isomeric states of the neutron-rich isotope 18973Ta116 were populated via fragmentation of a primary beam of 208Pb ions at 1 GeV/u impinging on a 9Be target at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany. The isotopes ...of interest were separated, identified and delivered to the DESPEC setup. Two isomers were deduced in 189Ta116 and their lifetimes were measured based on the γ-ray time distributions.
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495.
Contaminated Makeup Widely Available in Europe Segura, Luis; Kalia, Vrinda; Davila, Mila González
American journal of public health (1971),
04/2021, Volume:
111, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
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CEKLJ, DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Roberts and colleagues provide an impressive summary of lead exposure and poisoning in the UK.1 But I question whether it is relevant to say that exposure in the UK is “likely to be similar” to that ...in the United States and France. The US is celebrating 30 years of lead poisoning prevention programmes and France started to limit lead in paint in 1909. The UK could have a worse lead exposure problem than those countries.
Recently, there are significant progresses in the growth of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite single crystals, however, due to their susceptible nucleation and growth mechanisms and solvent ...requirements, the efficient and generalized growth for these single crystals is still challenging. Here we report the work towards this target with a polymer-controlled nucleation process for the highly efficient growth of large-size high-quality simple ternary, mixed-cations and mixed-halide perovskite single crystals. Among them, the carrier lifetime of FAPbBr
single crystals is largely improved to 10199 ns. Mixed MA/FAPbBr
single crystals are synthesized. The crucial point in this process is suggested to be an appropriate coordinative interaction between polymer oxygen groups and Pb
, greatly decreasing the nuclei concentrations by as much as 4 orders of magnitudes. This polymer-controlled route would help optimizing the solution-based OIHPs crystal growth and promoting applications of perovskite single crystals.
Interior and exterior dust, soil and paint were analysed at five brick urban Sydney homes over 15 months to evaluate temporal variations and discriminate sources of lead (Pb) exposure. Exterior dust ...gauge Pb loading rates (μg/m2/28 days), interior vacuum dust Pb concentrations (mg/kg) and interior petri-dish Pb loading rates (μg/m2/28 days), were correlated positively with soil Pb concentrations. Exterior dust gauge Pb loading rates and interior vacuum dust Pb concentrations peaked in the summer. Lead isotope and Pb speciation (XAS) were analysed in soil and vacuum dust samples from three of the five houses that had elevated Pb concentrations. Results show that the source of interior dust lead was primarily from soil in two of the three houses and from soil and Pb paint in the third home. IEUBK child blood Pb modelling predicts that children's blood Pb levels could exceed 5 μg/dL in two of the five houses.
•Exterior Pb loading and interior Pb dust loading and concentrations correlate with soil Pb.•Exterior dust gauge Pb loading rates and interior vacuum dust Pb concentrations peak in the summer.•Interior dust lead came from soil in two of the three houses and from soil and Pb paint in the third home.•Modelling predicts that children's blood Pb levels could exceed 5 μg/dL in two of the five houses.
Interior and exterior dust, soil and paint were analysed at five brick urban Sydney homes over 15 months to evaluate temporal variations and discriminate sources of lead (Pb) exposure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Lead exposure has been linked to neurological, reproductive, and developmental effects, and approximately 3.5% of Chicago children under the age of 3 years have elevated blood lead levels. The aim of ...this research was to provide outreach opportunities to address the issue of lead exposure in water and soil. A series of seven community-based health fairs were held with a combined approach of screening and education accomplished through partnerships with organizations established within underserved communities that leveraged resources. Community members attending the fairs brought in samples of soil from their yards and tap water for lead testing. Lead concentrations in the soil samples had a mean value of 305.7 parts per million, and 30% of the samples were above the Environmental Protection Agency’s action level for children’s play lots. The mean lead concentration in tap water was 8.3 parts per billion, with 6% of sample testing above the Environmental Protection Agency’s action level. There was no significant correlation between the lead levels in water and soil (p = .21), and there was no significant difference between the average lead concentrations in different areas of the city. A multifaceted approach was utilized to educate and engage and ultimately empower the communities affected by exposure to lead in urban settings.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
In the summer of 1845, under the command of Sir John Franklin, 128 officers and men aboard Royal Navy ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror sailed into Lancaster Sound and entered the waters of Arctic ...North America. The goal of this expedition was to complete the discovery of a northwest passage by navigating the uncharted area between Barrow Strait and Simpson Strait. Franklin and his crew spent the first winter at Beechey Island, where three crewmen died and were buried. In September 1846, the ships became stranded in ice off the northwest coast of King William Island, where they remained until April 1848. At that time, the crew, reduced to 105, deserted the ships and retreated south along the island's western and southern shores in a desperate attempt to reach the mainland and via the Back River, to obtain aid at a Hudson's Bay Company Post. Sadly, not one individual survived. Previous analyses of bone, hair, and soft tissue samples from expedition remains found that crewmembers' tissues contained elevated lead (Pb) levels, suggesting that Pb poisoning may have contributed to their demise; however, questions remain regarding the timing and degree of exposure and, ultimately, the extent to which the crewmembers may have been impacted. To address this historical question, we investigated three hypotheses. First, if elevated Pb exposure was experienced by the crew during the expedition, we hypothesized that those sailors who survived longer (King William Island vs. Beechey Island) would exhibit more extensive uptake of Pb in their bones and vice versa. Second, we hypothesized that Pb would be elevated in bone microstructural features forming at or near the time of death compared with older tissue. Finally, if Pb exposure played a significant role in the failure of the expedition we hypothesized that bone samples would exhibit evidence of higher and more sustained uptake of Pb than that of a contemporary comparator naval population from the 19th century. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed bone and dental remains of crew members and compared them against samples derived from the Royal Navy cemetery in Antigua. Synchrotron-based high resolution confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging was employed to visualize Pb distribution within bone and tooth microstructures at the micro scale. The data did not support our first hypothesis as Pb distribution within the samples from the two different sites was similar. Evidence of Pb within skeletal microstructural features formed near the time of death lent support to our second hypothesis but consistent evidence of a marked elevation in Pb levels was lacking. Finally, the comparative analysis with the Antigua samples did not support the hypothesis that the Franklin sailors were exposed to an unusually high level of Pb for the time period. Taken all together our skeletal microstructural results do not support the conclusion that Pb played a pivotal role in the loss of Franklin and his crew.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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